Inclusive Education and SEN Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Comprehensive Education and SEN - Essay Example In this exposition, l will exhibit a comprehension, of ramifications of including, kids with extra needs in the standard school setting. I will think about the various models of handicap. I will likewise show my capacity to gather proof about a child’s needs from an assortment of sources and utilize the proof to educate practice. Show my comprehension of individual instructive Plan (I.E.P), and how it very well may be created to help incorporation. I will at that point assess the utilization of suitable assets and methodologies to help the kid. Ramifications of remembering youngsters with extra requirements for a standard setting: The idea of comprehensive instruction is because of guardians and incapacitated individuals squeezing progressive governments to change the training framework, in order to permit all kids to have a reasonable and equivalent access to training (Tassoni 2003, p.11). Counting kids with, extraordinary needs inside the standard school has got its own ramifications. One of these suggestions will guarantee, regardless of whether the format and assets are proper, and comprehensive. Nature assumes a key job in supporting and broadening children’s advancement and learning (Early year’s establishment Stage (E.Y.F.S, 2008). For instance, having a youngster, who utilizes a wheelchair, won't have the option to move all through the structure freely without slopes. In spite of the fact that the issue of comprehensive instruction is an exceptionally discussed issue, it has collected consistent help globally, which is clear from the way that legislatures around the world, have presented strategy activities whereby the reason for remembering understudies with unique requirements for standard schools has been upheld, and rewarded as a human rights issue (OECD Publishing, 19992). This involves schools today, are required to have prepared staff who is had some expertise in supporting understudies with SEN (Special Education Needs) for example, those determined to have mental imbalance. This is on the grounds that, the instructive needs of a mentally unbalanced kid is distinctly unique in relation to those of a standard kid, and thus exceptional courses are required to be structured, created and executed to meet the extraordinary needs of such kids. The SEN code of training makes it the obligations of schools and early years setting to have the option to distinguish children’s troubles as far as ‘graduate approach’, to the recognizable proof, appraisal and recording of any challenges these youngsters may confront (Linda, Carrie and Jane, 2005.p.132). The instructors, needs to adjust an uplifting mentality towards kids with unique needs, and guarantee that there is no obstruction of access. They have to guarantee that, they are considering, perspectives on the youngster, guardians, partners and different experts into thought to meet the child’s needs, and adjust change to the earth likewise. The perspectives of all grown-ups who work in the schools, should be to such an extent that, they are attempting to empower the investment of all youngsters in both scholarly and public activity of the school (Halliwell 2003, p.20). Inside my setting format of gear, is at each child’s level, this implies, they can pick toys autonomously to play with, with no prevention. Furthermore, will playa fundamental job towards accomplishing autonomy. The school should ensure that; there are proper strategies and techniques set up related to the ‘code of practice’. These arrangements will guarantee that, youngsters with extra ordinary requirements are given, full access to instruction, as any standard kid. The

Male Initiation Rituals Essay Example For Students

Male Initiation Rituals Essay Aggregate Male Initiation Rituals of the SambiaThe progress of a kid to a man is critical to the Sambia, of New Guinea. This progress comprises of a commencement custom, which has 6 phases and takes somewhere in the range of 13 and 20 years to finish. The initial 3 phases are aggregately engaged, which I will talk about, and stages 4 through 6 are separately engaged. This ceremonial assists with acquainting the young men with male society, set them up for grown-up duties and is utilized to transmit culture (Nanda 2002: 132). The convictions of the Sambia show a warriors origination of masculinity where men ought to be solid, daring, and unfaltering in the quest for all undertakings (Herdt 1981: 50). The main phase of commencement is called Moku and happens between the ages of 7 and 10. The subsequent stage is called Imbutuand happens between the ages of 10 and 13. The third stage is called Ipmangwi and happens between the ages of 14 and 16. We will compose a custom article on Male Initiation Rituals explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now In the principal phase of commencement the young men are taken from their moms homes and taken to live at the mens clubhouse. Here young men are given a custom support who is for the most part in the third or forward phase of inception (Herdt 1981: 55). From the get-go in the principal stage is the extending right. The extending rituals are the underlying upgrade to spike manliness (Herdt 1981: 223). In the extending rituals the young men are taken away into the forested areas by their custom support and sticks or switches are scoured against the assemblages of gatherings of young men by the senior guys. The young men skin is scoured and punctured. This is said to expel sweat and the fine down of the young men cheeks, arms and legs (Herdt 1981: 222) which are contaminants brought about by close contact with their moms. After this perilous custom their support must convey the young men back to the mens clubhouse. One of the most significant customs in the principal stage commencement is nose dying. This demonstration is the most agonizing preformed on the starts (Herdt 1981: 224). In this ceremony sharp pieces of sod are snooty the nose until it drains. This is done to evacuate any polluted blood that is caused from expanded contact with the young men mother (Herdt 1981: 223). This cleanses the young men and empowers them to proceed onward to ceremonies that will reinforce them. Subsequent to extending and nose draining the start is given the ingestive rights. The young men are recounted many positive and negative nourishments to eat. The shades and shade of the nourishments assume and significant job in their characteristics (Herdt 1981: 228). The most significant ingestive ceremony is the demonstration of fellatio (Herdt 1981: 232). This custom is the most mystery of all and is presented in the penis and woodwind service. The young men are recounted the risk of sailor exhaustion and the forces that semen contains. Fellatio isn't preformed at the function, yet happens after, in private between the kid and his support and is preformed day by day there after. Ingestion of semen is said to invigorate the kid the that is expected to turn into a warrior (Herdt 1981: 234). This demonstration reinforces the male bond and can be connected to a male type of bosom taking care of and is referred to the young men as our bosom milk (Herdt 1981: 234). In the second period of commencement, which happens between the ages of 10 and 13, the young men despite everything live in the mens clubhouse. During this stage there is no nose seeping for purging. In its place is a tree function in which the young men are spread with the red oil of the pandanus natural product for decontamination. This is supposed to be sufficient because of the equivalency of blood and pananus juice (Herdt 1981: 229). During this stage the start despite everything performs fellatio on the men of the clan all the time, to make them solid. .u994bd4b5bf6b13e7ad4c1eb31351bec3 , .u994bd4b5bf6b13e7ad4c1eb31351bec3 .postImageUrl , .u994bd4b5bf6b13e7ad4c1eb31351bec3 .focused content territory { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u994bd4b5bf6b13e7ad4c1eb31351bec3 , .u994bd4b5bf6b13e7ad4c1eb31351bec3:hover , .u994bd4b5bf6b13e7ad4c1eb31351bec3:visited , .u994bd4b5bf6b13e7ad4c1eb31351bec3:active { border:0!important; } .u994bd4b5bf6b13e7ad4c1eb31351bec3 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u994bd4b5bf6b13e7ad4c1eb31351bec3 { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; haziness: 1; progress: obscurity 250ms; webkit-progress: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u994bd4b5bf6b13e7ad4c1eb31351bec3:active , .u994bd4b5bf6b13e7ad4c1eb31351bec3:hover { mistiness: 1; progress: darkness 250ms; webkit-change: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u994bd4b5bf6b13e7ad4c1eb31351bec3 .focused content region { width: 100%; position: re lative; } .u994bd4b5bf6b13e7ad4c1eb31351bec3 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content adornment: underline; } .u994bd4b5bf6b13e7ad4c1eb31351bec3 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u994bd4b5bf6b13e7ad4c1eb31351bec3 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; fringe sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: intense; line-stature: 26px; moz-fringe span: 3px; content adjust: focus; content improvement: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .u994bd4b5bf6b13e7ad4c1eb31351bec3:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u99 4bd4b5bf6b13e7ad4c1eb31351bec3 .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u994bd4b5bf6b13e7ad4c1eb31351bec3-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u994bd4b5bf6b13e7ad4c1eb31351bec3:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Reconstruction EssayThe third stage is the remainder of the aggregate inception. This happens between the ages of 14 and 16 while the young men live in the mens clubhouse (Herdt 1981: 55). In the third stage the young men play out the adolescence custom and move from the fellator to the fellated (Herdt 1981: 242). They are presently viewed as lone wolves and can take on their very own sponsee. It is in this phase the unhitched male figures out how to make milk sap from the pooliku tree. This milk sap is a remedy accepted to renew semen lost through their fellatio inseminations of more youthful young men (Herdt 1981: 111). During this stage the single man is permitted to wear the garments of a warrior and takes part in war-striking gatherings (Herdt 181: 242). The Sambia of New Guinea see the change of a kid to a man as a significant demonstration. Their aggregate inception customs keep going for as long as 9 years and experience 3 stages, some of which are mysterious. These ceremonies help to stress male strength and show an a jealousy toward the procreative capacity of females that is apparent in the custom phlebotomy of nose draining and close connection of semen ingestion to a male type of bosom taking care of (Nanda 2002:132). A portion of their practices, for example, the custom fellatio preformed by little fellows, can be seen by different societies as kid misuse. Indeed a few ministers from the German Lutheran Church have ventured to such an extreme as to attempt to convince the Austrailian government to preclude these commencements (Godelier 1996: 52). It is because of this and other social weights that the demonstration of custom fellatio, however broadly rehearsed by numerous clans in New Guinea until the 1960s, is coloring out (Godelier 1996: 52). Commencement ceremonies serve a significant part in numerous social orders by continuously expanding interest in the public eye, with minimal mental injury (Nanda 2002: 131). This is valid for the Sambia and I accept that changing any of these customs would be an incredible lose to them. Words/Pages : 980/24

Payday Advances, Credit Card Spending and Layaway Loans on the Rise - OppLoans

Payday Advances, Credit Card Spending and Layaway Loans on the Rise - OppLoans Payday Advances, Credit Card Spending and Layaway Loans on the Rise Payday Advances, Credit Card Spending and Layaway Loans on the RiseInside Subprime: October 11, 2019By Lindsay FrankelNow more than ever, Americans can gain access to new forms of credit directly from their smartphones. And while these convenient methods of financing might be helpful in an emergency, vulnerable borrowers are also at risk of falling into debt, a problem they might be able to avoid if these options were not available, experts say.  â€œThis instant gratification in the financial world can be risky,” said Shelle Santana, a professor of business administration at Harvard Business School.While household income may be increasing on average, rising costs of living have outpaced that growth, leaving most Americans unable to make ends meet.   A recent study from Charles Schwab revealed that 59 percent of adults are living paycheck to paycheck.And at least part of the problem could be due to non-essential spending, since Americans reported an average of $483 per month of spen ding on things that weren’t basic necessities. That’s a behavior that might be encouraged by instant access to credit.  Products such as payday advances, layaway loans, and credit cards don’t always have a negative impact on consumers. “The more that we are allowing consumers to have control over their finances and commit to healthy financial behaviors is a useful development,” said Santana, but she added that “it could spur more spending than what consumers are capable of or what would be healthy for them to take on.”Payday AdvancesThe number of companies offering employees instant access to earned wages through an app on their smartphones is growing. Businesses advertise accelerated pay as a perk, since it can help workers avoid costly alternatives, such as payday loans. Payday loans, which carry an average annualized interest rate of nearly 400 percent, have long been considered one of the most dangerous methods of borrowing.  Most payday advances have a transaction fee rather than an interest charge. Taking a payday advance is a much better way to manage irregular schedules and fluctuating income than using payday loans. But borrowers who are strapped for cash could still end up behind from taking too many advances, so while these advances are instantly available, they should only be used for emergencies.  Credit CardsAmericans are also opening more credit cards than ever before. There are 1.4 billion active credit cards in America. Card issuers often provide appealing perks, such as rewards and sign-up bonuses, that lead customers to origination. But does having that line of credit encourage Americans to spend more than they can afford?It would seem so, since Americans paid $40.3 billion in credit card debt in the first  quarter of 2019.  Layaway LoansSome retailers are also letting customers pay in installments, an option often called a point-of-sale loan. Though the loans are interest-free, since the retailer is charged a processing fee in stead of the customer, they are meant to encourage borrowers to buy things they can’t afford all at once. While this might work out well for large purchases if the borrower can budget for the expense, it’s also an easy way for shoppers to afford things they don’t actually need.  Layaway financing has grown 15% a year globally since 2017.As new options for accessing credit become available, Americans need to be aware of how debt can spin out of control, and take measures to reach financial stability rather than relying on credit.  Learn more about payday loans, scams, and cash advances by checking out our city and state financial guides, including  Chicago, Illinois, Florida, and Texas.Visit OppLoans on YouTube | Facebook | Twitter | LinkedIn

How and Why Guinea Pigs Were Domesticated

Guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) are small rodents raised in the South American Andes mountains not as friendly pets, but primarily for dinner. Called cuys, they reproduce rapidly and have large litters. Today guinea pig feasts are connected with religious ceremonies throughout South America, including feasts associated with Christmas, Easter, Carnival, and Corpus Christi. Modern domesticated adult Andean guinea pigs range from eight to eleven inches long and weigh between one and two pounds. They live in harems, approximately one male to seven females. Litters are generally three to four pups, and sometimes as many as eight; the gestation period is three months. Their lifespan is between five and seven years. Domestication Date and Location Guinea pigs were domesticated from the wild cavy (most likely Cavia tschudii, although some scholars suggest Cavia aperea), found today in the western (C. tschudii) or central (C. aperea) Andes. Scholars believe that domestication occurred between 5,000 and 7,000 years ago, in the Andes. Changes identified as the effects of domestication are increased body size and litter size, changes in behavior and hair coloration. Cuys are naturally gray, domesticated cuys have multicolored or white hair. Keeping Guinea Pigs in the Andes Since both wild and domestic forms of guinea pigs can be studied in a laboratory, behavioral studies of the differences have been completed. Differences between wild and domestic guinea pigs are in some part behavioral and part physical. Wild cuys are smaller and more aggressive  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹and pay more attention to their local environment than domestic ones and wild male cuys do not tolerate each other and live in harems with one male and several females. Domestic guinea pigs are larger and more tolerant of multi-male groups, and exhibit increased levels of social grooming of one another and increased courtship behavior. In traditional Andean households, cuys were (and are) kept indoors but not always in cages; a high stone sill at the entrance of a room keeps cuys from escaping. Some households built special rooms or cubby holes for cuys, or more typically keep them in the kitchens. Most Andean households kept at least 20 cuys; at that level, using a balanced feeding system, Andean families could produce at least 12 pounds of meat per month without decreasing their flock. Guinea pigs were fed barley and kitchen scraps of vegetables, and the residue from making chicha (maize) beer. Cuys were valued in folk medicines and its entrails were used to divine human illness. Subcutaneous fat from the guinea pig was used as a general salve. Archaeology and the Guinea Pig The first archaeological evidence of the human use of guinea pigs dates to about 9,000 years ago. They may have been domesticated as early as 5,000 BC, probably in the Andes of Ecuador; archaeologists have recovered burned bones and bones with cut marks from midden deposits beginning about that time. By 2500 BC, at sites such as the Temple of the Crossed Hands at Kotosh and at Chavin de Huantar, cuy remains are associated with ritual behaviors. Cuy effigy pots were made by the Moche (circa AD 500-1000). Naturally mummified cuys have been recovered from the Nasca site of Cahuachi and the late prehispanic site of Lo Demas. A cache of 23 well-preserved individuals was discovered at Cahuachi; guinea pig pens were identified at the Chimu site of Chan Chan. Spanish chroniclers including Bernabe Cobo and Garcilaso de la Vega wrote about the role of the guinea pig in Incan diets and ritual. Becoming a Pet Guinea pigs were introduced into Europe during the sixteenth century, but as pets, rather than food. Remains of one guinea pig were recently discovered within excavations at the town of Mons, Belgium, representing the earliest archaeological identification of guinea pigs in Europe--and similar in time to the 17th-century paintings which illustrate the creatures, such as the 1612 Garden of Eden by Jan Brueghel the Elder. The excavations at the site of a proposed parking lot revealed a living quarter which had been occupied beginning in medieval times. The remains include eight bones of a guinea pig, all found within a middle-class cellar and adjacent cesspit, radiocarbon dated between AD 1550-1640, shortly after the Spanish conquest of South America. The recovered bones included a complete skull and the right part of the pelvis, leading Pigià ¨re et al. (2012) to conclude that this pig was not eaten, but rather kept as a domestic animal and discarded as a complete carcass. Sources History of the Guinea Pig  from archaeologist Michael Forstadt. Asher, Matthias. Large males dominate: Ecology, social organization, and mating system of wild cavies, the ancestors of the guinea pig. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, Tanja Lippmann, Jà ¶rg Thomas Epplen, et al., Research Gate, July 2008. Gade DW. 1967.  The Guinea Pig in Andean Folk Culture.  Geographical Review  57(2):213-224. Kà ¼nzl C, and Sachser N. 1999.  The Behavioral Endocrinology of Domestication: A Comparison between the Domestic Guinea Pig (Cavia apereaf.porcellus) and Its Wild Ancestor, the Cavy (Cavia aperea).  Hormones and Behavior  35(1):28-37. Morales E. 1994.  The Guinea Pig in the Andean Economy: From Household Animal to Market Commodity.  Latin American Research Review 29(3):129-142. Pigià ¨re F, Van Neer W, Ansieau C, and Denis M. 2012.  New archaeozoological evidence for the introduction of the guinea pig to Europe.  Journal of Archaeological Science  39(4):1020-1024. Rosenfeld SA. 2008.  Delicious guinea pigs: Seasonality studies and the use of fat in the pre-Columbian Andean diet.  Quaternary International  180(1):127-134. Sachser, Norbert. Of Domestic and Wild Guinea Pigs: Studies in Sociophysiology, Domestication, and Social Evolution. Naturwissenschaften, Volume 85, Issue 7, SpringerLink, July 1998. Sandweiss DH, and Wing ES. 1997.  Ritual Rodents: The Guinea Pigs of Chincha, Peru.  Journal of Field Archaeology  24(1):47-58. Simonetti JA, and Cornejo LE. 1991.  Archaeological Evidence of Rodent Consumption in Central Chile.  Latin American Antiquity  2(1):92-96. Spotorno AE, Marin JC, Manriquez G, Valladares JP, Rico E, and Rivas C. 2006.  Ancient and modern steps during the domestication of guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus L.).  Journal of Zoology  270:57–62. Stahl PW. 2003.  Pre-columbian Andean animal domesticates at the edge of empire.  World Archaeology  34(3):470-483. Trillmich F, Kraus C, Kà ¼nkele J, Asher M, Clara M, Dekomien G, Epplen JT, Saralegui A, and Sachser N. 2004. Species-level differentiation of two cryptic species pairs of wild cavies, genera Cavia and Galea, with a discussion of the relationship between social systems and phylogeny in the Caviinae.  Canadian Journal of Zoology  82:516-524.

Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass - 917 Words

Many of the 19th century works written before and during the Civil War contained undertones as well as direct references about the American conflict. The societal issues and the problems that divided the United States of America influenced much of the literary canon of this time period. The divide between the North and the South was over states rights, with the central issue surrounding slavery. The South depended heavily upon slave labor to man their plantations. They saw nothing wrong with humans owning other humans whom they considered inferior. Much of the North felt differently and called for the end of slavery. This issue took center stage in much of the writing of the time period. Frederick Douglass, Harriet Jacobs, Walt Whitman, Henry David Thoreau, Ralph Waldo Emerson and Louisa May Alcott, just to name a few, wrote pieces that have references to the war and antislavery movement of the time. Frederick Douglass wrote one of the first widely read slave narratives entitled Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave Written by Himself in 1845. His narrative â€Å"†¦sold thirty thousand copies in its first five years making it a bona fide best seller†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Baym 936). Douglass’s narrative exposed the raw facts of slavery to a worldwide audience. Douglass spoke about the damage done to the children of slavery in attempt to appeal to a cross section of society. He wrote, â€Å"Frequently before the child has reached its twelfth month, its mother is taken fromShow MoreRelatedNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass987 Words   |  4 PagesLife of Frederick In the â€Å"narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass an American slave written by himself† Frederick reveled to audience the time he was living as a slave and the moments of brutal treats for example psychological, emotional and physical abuses. He was suffering terrible moments during his 20 years as a slave in the twentieth century. In addition, he describes in his own words the strategies he used to escape from the slave holders and to be free. This story the â€Å"Narrative of theRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass Essay1102 Words   |  5 PagesDate Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass Writing in the favor of black people has always remained controversial from the very beginning. Critics regard such writing as â€Å"a highly conventionalized genre† indicating that â€Å"its status as literature was long disputed but the literary merits of its most famous example such as Frederick Douglass s Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass†¦are widely recognized today.† (Ryan:537) Despite of such severe resistance, writers like Douglass have pennedRead MoreThe Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1566 Words   |  7 PagesThe â€Å"Narratives of the Life of Frederick Douglass† is the story of Frederick Douglass’ life from the time he was born into slavery, to the time he escaped to freedom in the north. When Douglass wrote this book, slavery was still legal in a large portion of the United States. After Douglass’ escape to freedom and his continuation of his education, he became an abolitionist through his works of literatu re and speeches. In â€Å"The Blessings of Slavery†, by George Fitzhugh he states that southern slavesRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1257 Words   |  6 PagesBook Review By Mary Elizabeth Ralls Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass: An autobiography written by Frederick Douglass Millennium publication, 1945edition 75 pages Frederick Douglass whose real name was Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey approximately birthdate is in1818, the month or day is not known, he died in 1895. He is one of the most famous advocates and the greatest leaders of anti-slavery in the past 200 or so years.Read MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass Essay1498 Words   |  6 Pagessoutherners believed that one of the most essential means of life was slavery. In the novel, Narrative of The Life of Frederick Douglass, Douglass challenges and debunks the idea of slavery being a necessary part of the white lifestyle; many pro-slavery arguments consisted of religion justifying slavery, slaves being â€Å"easily manipulated†/ignorant, and slavery keeping the southern economy from disappearing (The Proslavery Argument). Frederick uses personal experiences and other tactics to expose theRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1730 Words   |  7 PagesOne of the most well-known slavery narratives wa s lived and written by Frederick Douglass, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass. Frederick Douglass was a civil rights activist who was born into slavery on a plantation in eastern Maryland in February 1818. His exact birth date is unknown, he states in his narrative, â€Å"I have no accurate knowledge of my age, never having seen any authentic record containing it.†2 His birth name was Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey, which was given by hisRead MoreThe Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1363 Words   |  6 Pages In The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, Frederick Douglass portrays the importance of education because of its influence in leveling the playing field between the races in the 1800s. Education and knowledge are themes that are heavily dwelled upon throughout the novel, inspiring the reader to see the full power of such important ideals and to take the full advantage of both at all times. Douglass gives the reader a new appreciat ion for education as he delivers his message regardingRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1255 Words   |  6 PagesFrederick Douglass, throughout Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, uses religion to get many of his points across. In one way, religion plays a huge role in Douglass’ ability to become literate throughout the text. With the Bible and other Christian texts, Douglass is able to further his ability and the ability of others to read. This becomes important because as Douglass points out the slaveholders believe a literate slave is not a good slave. This union of literacy and religion show theRead MoreThe Narrative Life Of Frederick Douglass1583 Words   |  7 Pages‘The Narrative Life of Frederick Douglass’ is an autobiography of Frederick Douglass, the slave who escaped and became one of renowned social reformers of his time. The book is a collection of actual experiences of the author during his time in slavery and experienc es of fellow slaves. He describes brilliantly the oppressive conditions into which he was born, lived, as well as his struggles and triumphs. The author meant to make the reader comprehend life of the African Americans in slavery beforeRead MoreThe Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass939 Words   |  4 PagesRevolutionary Freedom In 1845, an African-American man named Frederick Douglass released a thought-provoking autobiography that would become a turning point in revolutionary change. The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass was the first autobiography Douglass had written focusing on the real life struggles he has faced during his time spent in bondage. During his time, it was not common for an African-American to have the skills to read and write, and it was especially uncommon to publish

Essay about Israel - 1022 Words

Israel Israel is a small country in southwestern Asia. It occupies a narrow strip of land on the Eastern Shore of the Mediterranean Sea and is bordered by Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, and Egypt. Israel has four major land regions. They are the Coastal Plain, the Judeo-Galilean Highlands, the Rift Valley, and the Negev Desert. The Coastal Plain is a narrow strip of fertile land along the Mediterranean Sea. The Judeo-Galilean Highlands include a series of mountain ranges that run from Galilee-the northernmost part of Israel- to the edge of the Negev Desert in the South. The Rift Valley is a long, narrow strip of land in eastern Israel, which makes up part of the Great Rift Valley. Israels driest region is the Negev Desert made up of dry†¦show more content†¦Capturing the election is just what he did. He had to make a big decision in the beginning of his new government, which would he deal with first, peace with the Arabs, or peace among the Jews? He decided to make the Shas instead of the Likud his main governing partner. This meant he was going to deal with the Arabs peace negotiating first. His choice to do this, along with his other political party supporters gave him the majority, 75 out of 120 seats in the Knesset (Israeli parliament). This meant that any peace negotiations or any other decisions by him would pass right through the Knesset and easily become a law. His planned strategy to have the majority seats has worked so far. Yet, Barak has failed to discuss any agreements yet with Yassir Arafat the leader of the Palestinian Liberation Organization (P.L.O) in terms of giving up land for peace to the Palestinians. Ahud Barak, although very different in many ways from Netanyahu, believes in some of his ideas such as eliminating terrorism in the Middle East. Barak, who was liked by President Clinton because of his openness to negotiations to make peace, currently looks like a better fit in the Prime Minister role for Israel because he does not object to negoti ation, such as Netanyahu did. He has a somewhat open mind and is interested in the benefit of not only Israel but also the rest of its neighbors as well in terms of making peace with one another. This is what IsraelShow MoreRelatedThe War Of Israel And Israel1017 Words   |  5 Pagesarise when a young country like Israel would ever militarily defeat Egypt. To these powerful nations, such a thought was comedic, but ultimately came into existence at the conclusion of the six-day war in 1967 (June 5- June 10) where Israel defeated Egypt. This victory by Israel ultimately led to the Jewish nation multiplying in size dramatically as it was now four times larger than it was prior to the war. The main acquisitions through winning the war for Israel was the strip of Gaza along withRead MoreThe State Of Israel And Israel Essay1958 Words   |  8 PagesThe State of Israel is located in the Middle East, bordering the east Mediterranean Sea. Established in 1948 by a United Nations (U.N.) res olution, the existing British administered Palestinian Mandate was partitioned into the Jewish State of Israel, the Arab State of Palestine, and an international territory governing the city of Jerusalem (Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1947). The forced introduction of a Jewish State into a predominately Arab region immediately created religious, ethnic,Read MoreRepercussions Of The State Of Israel To Israel809 Words   |  4 Pageshave the U.S. recognize Jerusalem as the capital of the State of Israel and to relocate the United States embassy of Israel to the newly announced location. â€Å"The foreign policy of the United States is grounded in principled realism, which begins with an honest acknowledgment of plain facts. With respect to the State of Israel, that requires officially recognizing Jerusalem as its capital and relocating the United States Embassy to Israel to Jerusalem as soon as practicable† (whitehouse). Coming nearlyRead MoreConflict Between Israel And Israel1986 Words   |  8 Pagesinterference, as of one idea, desire, event, or activity with another. Palestine (also called the Holy Land) is an ancient country in South-West Asia, on the East coast of the Mediterranean. 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Through Israel’s military, the government backing, and their ability to adapt

Aviation and the Environment Contemporary Economy

Questions: Critically evaluate the issues with unconstrained aviation growth versus the call for global constraints on the growth of aviation for environmental reasons?. Critically assess the management challenges of maintaining corporate goals involving the sustainable development of aviation operations?. Critically evaluate the practical environmental activities that are now part of the management of airlines and airports?. Critically assess whether aviation can achieve the dramatic improvements required in environmental performance by innovation in aircraft design and airline and airport operations?. Answer: Intoduction: In the contemporary economy, the aviation industry is huge and growing. It assists in economic trade commerce and tourism and is, therefore, vital for the globalization process. For some consecutive years, the aviation industry is growing at a sustainable growth rate of 7% per annum. Air travel for both personal and professional as well as trade purpose has subsequently increased in the recent years. The globalized economy enjoys significantly from the capability to transport people and goods all over the world - promptly and safely. In the recent year, the total number of passengers traveling by air has doubled. In 2015, some passengers traveled by air in both domestic and international destinations in UK were 125,068,988 persons that were 118,605,858 in 2014 (Data.worldbank.org, 2016). The availability of bulky airplane such as the Boeing 747 made it suitable and reasonably priced for people to travel by air. Further, 58 million jobs and $2.4 trillion annual financial transactions that the industry ropes. With the increase in air traffic, the question of emissions and environmental damages are subsequently rising regarding Airline Business. There is an urgent necessitate of dealing with the environmental effects of air shipping. Millions of people are directly and indirectly affect by the pollution caused by aircraft emissions. With the increase in economic growth and the rise of the aviation industry, the problem of Aviation Emissions will increase if not checked with utmost priority. In 2012, aviation produced 689 million tons of carbon dioxide around the world (Grote et al. 2014). The aviation industry recognizes the necessitate to deal with the universal challenge of climate change and has taken some vital steps: in 2009 it adopted an determined set of pledge carbon neutral development from the year 2020 dependent upon vital aviation framework and technological improvements achieved by the industry and government. The adopted strategies can only achieve by adopting the four pillars: Investment in Technological development Increase effective operations management Building effective infrastructure Positive economic instruments Figure: IATAs four-pillar strategy Source: Created by Author In the following report, the author is analyzing the environmental challenges faced by the contemporary aviation industry and what are the necessary steps implemented to face these environmental challenges. The author has also recommended concluding the most important aspect of controlling to check pollution. The Challenges Facedby AviationIndustry: In the following study, the author discusses the following issues the specific relationship between the aviation industry and the environment. The environmental pollution caused by aircraft such as noise, harmful gasses, and particles, which affects climatic change. Aviation is a chief cause of air pollution, primary to major public health problems. Noise: According to the new study by the British Medical Journal, direct contact with the noise pollution can increase the risk of health. The noise created by aircraft also increases the risk of heart diseases. Scholarly studies showed that noise and health are adversely related. However, the aviation noise is a major problem and expected to grow in coming years (Bond et al. 2013). Air pollution: In spite of the small size of the aviation industry, it has significantly large impact on the climatic process. When researches and scholars are calling warnings against harmful radiation and suggesting reducing, aviation industry continues to contribute in the total harmful radiations, especially greenhouse gasses. For instance, since 1990, the total CO2 emission has increased by 83% by airplanes. Every time an aircraft takeoff, it leaves a large amount of harmful emission that causes a large amount of air pollution. In one of the reports, researches have argued that more people killed by air emission caused by airplanes than air crashes. Not only emission during takeoff and landing but also unregulated emissions from planes above 3000 feet are equally harmful. As estimated that a total number of 8000 die due to harmful emission above 3000 feet and 2000 people die globally due to pollution caused during landing and takeoffs. The the majority widespread reason for deat h as a result of air pollution are cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, including lung cancer, as stated by the UN's World Health Organization. (Barrett et al. 2012). It is not always necessary that areas near airports are the most polluted places. When an airplane takes at cruising height above the clouds, wind currents can fluff up the contamination wide spreading so that existing winds cause the pollution to fall from the sky about 10,000 kilometers to the east of the plane's route. (Barrett, Britter and Waitz, 2012). Greenhouse Gasses Produced by Airplanes During Flights: As soon as Jet fuel burns, the carbon in the petroleum is on the loose and combines with O2 in the atmosphere to shape CO2. Flaming aviation energy fuel as well releases water vapor, nitrous oxides, sulfate, and soot. A particular trait of airplane emissions, the majority, reduced at cruising altitudes more than 3000 meters. Systematic records have revealed that these emissions are injurious for climate impact since they generate a succession of chemical reactions and climatic effects that consecutively harm the global climatic system. TheIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,for example, has anticipated that the climate impact of airliners is far larger than the effect of their carbon dioxide emissions alone." (Ipcc.ch, 2016). When airplanes fly they exhaust Contrails consists of water droplets and frost which traps heat which otherwise break away from the earths atmosphere. As a result, contrails are advocating in global warming. While, night flights are more harmful than dayti me because studies have shown how contrails, in fact, reflect some sunlight away from entering earth. Initiatives to Control Aviation Emision: The International Air Transportation or the IATA is a trade organization, which controls air trade and commerce. Its members consist of 260 airlines from 170 countries. The main objective of IATA is to formulate and maintain standards in the aviation industry. IATA succeeded International Air Traffic Association in 1945. Like the airline, the industry grew and increased air traffic the responsibilities of IATA also increased. One of the major priorities of IATA is to ensure limited air pollutions and emissions caused by airplanes. The primary responsibility of IATA is: keep an eye on, review and act in response to environmental policies and issues of apprehension to member airlines boost and advocate common industry issues and challenges on ecological issues direct and, as needed, apply strategies to encourage IATA positions with stakeholders To meet the challenges the IATA members have mutually agreed to work on the following environmental issues: enhancement in fuel efficiency by reducing 1.5% per annum from 2009 through 2020 A reduction in net carbon emissions (carbon neutral growth) Sustainable development to reduce carbon emission by 50% till 2050 The IATA Four-Pillar Strategy: The fundamental problem is that unrestrained increase in airline emissions not well matched with 2050 environment improvement objectives and that the inflexibility and implementation of public policy involvements to direct aircraft emissions possibly will have extensive influence both on the economy for expansion or the tourism development. To achieve the above strategic plans regarding challenges faced in environmental issues, a well-built dedication is necessary starting all stakeholders functioning jointly in the course of the four pillars of the aviation industry strategy. The committee commissioned comprehensive analyses to approximate predictable reductions from technology, alternative fuels and operations to assess development on the way to the carbon neutral development objective for aircraft transportation system and to distinguish the challenges and issues to tackle by strategies, quality and standards, and estimations. Improvement of Technology: IATA checks and regulates the improvement of technologies to decrease aircraft emissions and evaluates their competence to accord to climate change objectives. It frequently publishes a "Technology Roadmap" unfolding the key innovations in aircraft technology presently emerging, the emissions declining probable that is offered and the impact on the global environment. Functioning mutually with strategic associates in the manufacturing engineering and research and development increases the chance to support new technologies amongst airline patrons and to accumulate airlines' reaction about the technological performances in emission reduction. Increase Effective Operations Management: IATA's Operational Efficiency Cost Management (OECM) agenda is to facilitate airlines recognize and build up cost-efficient ways, develop mostly operational cost framework and sustain or develop service of the airlines. The committee assists airline partners by presenting a set of key index performance or KPI to examine overall performance and focus on the required skills to control their cost resourcefully. IATA conducts programs that are a broad and reciprocal policy for airline workforce to progress they are perceptive of operational competence and price management on the issues of Ground Operations, Flight Operations, Operations Planning, Technical Operations, and Operations Control Centre (OCC)," (Iata.org, 2016). Building Effective Infrastructure: The Committee of IATA has taken responsibility to improve operational solutions for any challenge or issues in both on flight or ground. IATA initiates a leading position in influencing aviation scheduling and improvement projects globally to congregate aviation necessities for security, effectiveness, and functionality. The management wants to begin and sustain a worldwide infrastructural approach that commits efficient, sustainable planning and recent challenges and issues as well collaborating regional growth, which will promote cost effective measures and responsibilities to face developing environmental issues effectively. One of the main objectives is also to achieve paperless airline operations and decrease fuel spending and carbon emissions. Positive Economic Instruments: In the contemporary global economy, the aviation industry is playing a crucial role in economic development and progress. It assists a nations incorporation into the world economy, producing through uninterrupted advantages for users and other economic advantages as it facilitates its constructive effect on the overall economic development. The worldwide aviation industry is devoted or resolute to three consecutive goals or objectives to manage it is 2% of universal carbon emissions. The information analyses statistical techniques to approximate the financial rate of return i.e. individuals those are in accumulation to the through profits earned by stakeholders. For instance, a deal of C$1,805 million at Vancouver airport was likely to have lead to a 5.4% enhance transportation connectivity in Canada. As such, this raised Canadas long-term productivity by 0.04%. Presumptuous that some hours worked are invariable; this indicates an annual increase to Canadian GDP of C$348 million (Ia ta.org, 2016). Also, innovative solutions to accelerate clean technology improvement fleet renewal. If designed strategically emission trading can play a crucial role in economic revenue generation. The Five-Year Review Report: The significant aviation growth of checks over carbon emissions exemplifies the global pattern transfer towards a green economy over the last four years. In reply to timely forewarning calls that a potential environment change, the administration has put a required check and an increasing worth on aviation emissions, the fast budding aviation industry actively responded to develop into the pioneer in environment protection programs. This sector contributed the fair share to constant strategies to bind the temperature raise while the increase in air travel and its related developmental profit maintain to exceed potential. Globalization and speedy economic increase are motivating aviation industries sustainable development and growth. The IATAs four-decade-old pledge to check and dropping emissions by 2050 is slowly becoming a reality. Following an unequivocal negotiating authorization at the International Civil Aviation Organizations General Assembly in 2013, the planning of a universal economy-based system for global aviation emissions settled in 2016. This followed by UNFCCC conference, which convinced all chief global economies that there is no possible disadvantage by a determined universal climate change management approaching in 2020. Decreasing carbon emission is the new buzzword in the international aviation industry. Best Practices: Even though it is, an elaborate process to trim down the impact aviation industry has on the environmental change, technical improvements and efforts to ensure more sustainability of the industry. Real-time initiatives employed by aircraft business organization to meet the goals. For instance, In 2015, Cathay Pacific A340-300 recycled their four aircraft on their removal from the Cathay Pacific fleet. More than 90% of the mass of the aircraft was successfully recycled. In 2007, Airbus 380 initiated the use of fuel-efficient flights, and they took off the first flight with fuel-efficient oil with passengers successfully. Air France has taken a large number of strategies and commitments for sustainable improvement in climatic effect caused by air travel. Long-term plans to support to the European Emissions Trading Scheme, initiating more fuel-efficient aircraft, contribution a carbon calculator and the opportunity to obtain offsets, sustaining programs initiated by different authorities and organizations throughout monetary support for environmental development programs, popularizing the use of alternate and renewable fuel, and inspiring workforce to be involved in environmental development programs. British Airways is one of the most pioneers in taking initiatives to reduce emissions. The organization has already reduced 28% of fuel consumption since 1990 and is setting to beak its record by reducing 25% by 2025. The organization has also launched initiatives to get direct feedback ideas from customers reading carbon remission reduction. In JFK airport, management of British Airways uses energy efficient lights and water coolers. The management of Lufthansa Airlines has taken initiates to reduce the emission of nitrogen oxide by 80% by 2020 and CO2 emission by 25% by 2020. They are trying to new strategies and plans to improve fuel efficiency. The management also supports a "global emissions trading scheme and green incentives". Barriers to Success: The aviation industry recognizes the developing and imperative demand for the world to address the global environmental challenge. The aviation industry plays a fundamental role in economic sustainability growth and expansion and the need to remain protected, reasonably priced and reachable to make sure mobility on a fair basis to overall societal development. The world community, therefore, has a universal accountability to guarantee that aviation continues to convey essential communal and economic profit while tackling aircraft CO2 emissions. But the truth is that due to increasing in the global increase in demand for air travel and constant efforts by management and companies to achieve low-fare airlines with maximizing profits which are resulting in the use of fuel which is cheap but equally responsible for carbon emission. Alternative fuels and fuel-efficient oils are comparatively expensive, to reduce the overall cost of the aircraft flights, companies are going for cheaper opt ions (Winchester et al, 2013). In addition, due to global economic turmoil and uncertainty, there is a lack of new initiatives and investments in research and development in the production of fuel-efficient technology to reduce the carbon emission. Recommendations: The ICAO should make it mandatory any post-2012 global climatic change agreement agree on the reduction of emissions. The approach to check on carbon emission should be on global perspective and should not indulge on competitiveness among airline business. Rather it should be strategies to big harmony in the industry to fight collaborating. Organizations deliberately ignoring carbon emission initiatives should penalize not only financially but canceling the permits for the airline business. The aviation industry should priories the modernization of air traffic system to increase fuel efficiency in aircraft. The aviation industry should invest in aerodynamic and operations technology RD through scholastic and business associates. Initiatives of the improvement and commercialization of sustainable alternative biofuels should emphasize so that they can replace traditional aircraft fuel, which causes a large amount of carbon emission and other air pollutions. Conclusion: In the above report, the author has studied the situation of the aviation industry and the sustainable efforts taken by IATA to reduce the carbon emission to reduce the environmental pollution. The IACA is committed towards the climatic change effects of commercial aviation industry by an incorporated strategy of policy initiatives, technological advances, and operational development. The committee plan seeks to change the aircraft operating system in the airspace, technological development n aircraft, and innovation of alternative fuel to initiate in the reduction in carbon emission. The author has critically analyzed the four-pillar strategies adopted by IACA and real time airline business organizations are utilizing them to bring sustainable improvement of the environmental damages caused by air flights. Though the author has also discussed the barriers and problems faced to achieve the target by 2050. The study identifies restrictions to dropping carbon emission in conditions of socially constructed requirements. Lastly, the author has recommended a few steps that IACA and other airline business organizations can adopt for societal development in sustainable environmental development. References: Arif, M., Gupta, A., Williams, A. (2013). Customer service in the aviation industryAn exploratory analysis of UAE airports.Journal of Air Transport Management,32, 1-7. Barrett, S., Britter, R. and Waitz, I. (2012). Global Mortality Attributable to Aircraft Cruise Emissions. Environmental Science Technology, 44(19), pp.7736-7742. Bond, T. C., Doherty, S. J., Fahey, D. W., Forster, P. M., Berntsen, T., DeAngelo, B. J., ... Kinne, S. (2013). Bounding the role of black carbon in the climate system: A scientific assessment.Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres,118(11), 5380-5552. Broekel, T., Boschma, R. (2012). Knowledge networks in the Dutch aviation industry: the proximity paradox.Journal of Economic Geography,12(2), 409-433. Brown, W. L., Gilchrist, W. J. (2016). Assessing productivity to address safety concerns for information technology and promoting global standardization within aviation practices.Global Journal of Information Technology,5(2), 56-61. Cambaliza, M. O. L., Shepson, P. B., Caulton, D. R., Stirm, B., Samarov, D., Gurney, K. R., ... Sweeney, C. (2014). Assessment of uncertainties of an aircraft-based mass balance approach for quantifying urban greenhouse gas emissions.Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,14(17), 9029-9050. Dale, B. E., Anderson, J. E., Brown, R. C., Csonka, S., Dale, V. H., Herwick, G., ... Lynd, L. R. (2014). Take a closer look: biofuels can support environmental, economic and social goals.Environmental science technology,48(13), 7200-7203. Data.worldbank.org. (2016). Air transport, passengers carried | Data | Table. [online] Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IS.AIR.PSGR [Accessed 24 May 2016]. Eriksson, S., Steenhuis, H. J. (Eds.). (2015).The Global Commercial Aviation Industry. Routledge. GÅ‚owacki, P., Kawalec, M. (2015). Aircraft emissions during various flight phases.Combustion Engines,54. Grote, M., Williams, I. and Preston, J., 2014. Direct carbon dioxide emissions from civil aircraft.Atmospheric Environment,95, pp.214-224. Henry, J. P., Wallace, M. S. (2014). Buried in Regulations Emerging Issues in the Aviation Industry.The Brief,43(3), 50. Hoen, K. M. R., Tan, T., Fransoo, J. C., Van Houtum, G. J. (2014). Effect of carbon emission regulations on transport mode selection under stochastic demand.Flexible Services and Manufacturing Journal,26(1-2), 170-195. Hooidonk, R., Maynard, J. A., Manzello, D., Planes, S. (2014). Opposite latitudinal gradients in projected ocean acidification and bleaching impacts on coral reefs.Global change biology,20(1), 103-112. Iata.org. (2016). IATA - Efficiency Cost Management. [online] Available at: https://www.iata.org/whatwedo/ops-infra/pages/efficiency.aspx [Accessed 25 May 2016]. Ipcc.ch. (2016). IPCC - Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. [online] Available at: https://www.ipcc.ch/news_and_events/news_and_events.shtml [Accessed 25 May 2016]. Kinnison, H. A., Siddiqui, T. (2012).Aviation maintenance management. Malina, R., McConnachie, D., Winchester, N., Wollersheim, C., Paltsev, S., Waitz, I. A. (2012). The impact of the European Union emissions trading scheme on US aviation.Journal of Air Transport Management,19, 36-41. McAfee, A., Brynjolfsson, E., Davenport, T. H., Patil, D. J., Barton, D. (2012). Big data.The management revolution. Harvard Bus Rev,90(10), 61-67. Preston, H., Lee, D. S., Hooper, P. D. (2012). The inclusion of the aviation sector within the European Union's Emissions Trading Scheme: What are the prospects for a more sustainable aviation industry?.Environmental Development,2, 48-56. Preston, H., Lee, D. S., Hooper, P. D. (2012). The inclusion of the aviation sector within the European Union's Emissions Trading Scheme: What are the prospects for a more sustainable aviation industry?.Environmental Development,2, 48-56. Schneider, S., Spieth, P., Clauss, T. (2013). Business model innovation in the aviation industry.International Journal of Product Development 12,18(3-4), 286-310. Tracht, K., von der Hagen, F., Schneider, D. (2013). Applied repairable-item inventory modeling in the aviation industry.Procedia CIRP,11, 334-339. Van der Linden, F. R. (2015).Airlines and Air Mail: The Post Office and the Birth of the Commercial Aviation Industry. University Press of Kentucky. Winchester, N., Wollersheim, C., Clewlow, R., Jost, N. C., Paltsev, S., Reilly, J. M., Waitz, I. A. (2013). The impact of climate policy on US aviation.Journal of Transport Economics and Policy (JTEP),47(1), 1-15.

Yes and No an Example of the Topic History Essays by

Yes and No Has the practice of politics, as discussed in Hardball, moved our government too far from the framers' original intent of the Constitution as discussed in A Brilliant Solution? Need essay sample on "Yes and No" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed My answer: Yes and no. No, because I think A Brilliant Solution narrates how the large or macro structures of the American government and of American politics came historically into being. In the process, it painted a warts-and-all picture of the delegates of the 1787 Constitutional Convention, as well as of the deliberations they undertook to craft the American Constitution. (I don't think the question is about how the framers of the Constitution acted or worked and how this is similar to or different from how politicians, big and small, at present act or work. I think it is about the actual legacy of the delegates, about what they have left us with.) Hardball, on the other hand, presents and discusses what are usually called "rules to live by" in American politics. If A Brilliant Solution presents the origin of the macro-structures of American government and politics, Hardball shows the their actual micro workings - how, within or beneath the macro-structures, people transact with each other and make the system move (and I say "move" because "work" may be quite contentious). Of course, Hardball shows that, at best, government and politics are for the strong-willed and that they are, at worst, brutish and nasty. So I answer "No" because the two books discuss two different levels - the one macro (A Brilliant Solution), the other micro (Hardball) - at which the American government and American politics operate. If we think in terms of reason or morality, we may argue for example that accepting favors (Hardball) is incompatible with the existence of electoral colleges in the country (A Brilliant Solution). If we think in terms of what actually exists, however, we can say that the system that created the electoral colleges is also the system that has made it possible for the giving and taking of favors among politicians to become an everyday reality. The American Constitution laid down structures and principles that are too general to concretely do away with the everyday reality of hard politics which Hardball exposes. The framers of the Constitution may have good intentions when they thought of strengthening checks and balances between the branches of government. Their good intentions, however, did not and cannot possibly ward off, say, dirty propaganda tactics during elections, or the practice of keeping one's enemies at the front, or politicians' habit of understanding events in way that is most advantageous to them. On the other hand, I say "Yes." Why? Yes, because the intentions of the framers of the American Constitution have been so overtaken by historical events to a point that one can only say that the practice of politics described in Hardball has moved our government too far from the original intent of the framers of the Constitution as discussed in A Brilliant Solution. Cornell West (2004), for example, describes "three dominating antidemocratic dogmas" that for him threaten American democracy: first is "free-market fundamentalism [that] posits the unregulated and unfettered market as idol and fetish" (3), second is "aggressive militarism, of which the new policy of preemptive strike against potential enemies is but an extension" (5), and third is "escalating authoritarianism" (6). Speaking of the US and other wealthy and poweful countries, Samir Amin (2003) says that "The democracy and people's rights that the G-7 powers invoke to justify their interventions are only political means for them to manage the crisis of the contemporary world, complementing in this respect the economic means of neoliberal management. The democracy of which they speak is only incidental, their cynical talk of 'good governance' wholly subject to the strategic priorities of the USA/Triad" (115). Noam Chomsky (2003) chronicles how the US government has supported economic, political and military inequality not only within its borders but in the entire world. The three authors speak of a reality that has overtaken - in ways that are too many to enumerate - the intent of the framers of the American Constitution. REFERENCES: Amin, Samir. Obsolescent Capitalism: Contemporary Politics and Global Disorder. Translated by Patrick Camiller. New York: Zed Books. Berkin, Carol (2002) A Brilliant Solution: Inventing the American Constitution. New York: Harcourt. Chomsky, Noam (2003) Hegemony or Survival: America's Quest for Global Dominance. New York: Metropolitan Books. Matthews, Chris (1988) Hardball: How Politics is Played Told by One Who Knows the Game. New York: Harper Collins. West, Cornel (2004) Democracy Matters: Winning the Fight Against Imperialism. New York: The Penguin Press.

Educational attainment Essays

Educational attainment Essays Educational attainment Essay Educational attainment Essay Interactionists focus on processes within the education system, which result in different levels of achievement. Interactionist sociologists have said that the interaction between the teacher and pupil will affect their attainment. This can be because some teachers tend to label their learners; these labels can be positive or negative with the positive labels meaning the pupils will succeed where as the negative labels meaning the pupils will be more likely to under achieve. Howard Becker writing in the 1960s said that teachers had an ideal pupil image, which was based on conduct, manners and the nature of attitude of the learner.Becker said that the academic ability of the learner could influence their interaction with the teacher, which could therefore determine their educational attainment. The teachers usually have an ideal image, however this image tends to be conformist, this has led to the self-fulfilling prophecy theory, where the teacher is the prophecy and the leaner is self-fulfillist, this results in the teacher labelling there learners with the working class usually being negative, the pupils then react to the label given and respond accordingly meaning the label has become true and the prophecy is fulfilled.However interactionists recognise that not all pupils will live up to their labels. Fuller writing in 1984 found that black girls in a comprehensive school resented their negative stereotypes of being both black and female. They felt that people expected them to fail so they tried to prove them wrong by devoting themselves to their work in order to achieve success. Fullers work avoids some of the pitfalls of deterministic versions of the labelling theory, which suggest that failure is inevitable for those with negative labels attached to them.The school organisation has been criticised with teachers interacting differently with different streams, especially since the middle classes are normally in the top stream and the working class in the lower stream. There is also said to be a culture clash between teachers and working class pupils as the teachers are normally middle class, which could all ultimately affect the childs educational achievement.Nell Keddie writing in the 1970s commented on the differentiation of an undifferentiated curriculum. Keddie felt that all streams should have the same information, something, which was not happening in schools at the time, she was writing. Keddie also felt that the curriculum was middle class orientated with the subjects, way of learning, the language and the more mental and abstract concepts, which would leave the working classes at a disadvantage.This meant that the middle class would possess the key to open the doors to success. We can see that the research of Douglas et al shows that various home background factors and experiences of cultural deprivation can account for attainment levels of the working class being lower than the middle class. It may be that those sociologists who emphasise the inside school factors are nearer in explaining the causes of a differential education system.

Discuss the regulatory intervention that took place in the US post Research Paper

Discuss the regulatory intervention that took place in the US post 2008 crisis choosing a topic from FRANK-DODD ACT 2010 - Research Paper Example The consumer’s welfare is protected, and their rights are to be considered. Through consumer protection fraud and illegal activities are able to be avoided because some of the laws protect the needs of those who have no knowledge about their rights taking an example in a business where some firms use the advantage of their size over others. Through the laws installed in the country there exists a fair deal and assists in the consumer in making better decisions in the market place (Acharya 26). People like investors, those in need of mortgage are able to be clear on what their rights are before involving themselves in companies or people who will deceive them. These includes the government organizations and also the self-regulating business organizations such Federal Trade Commission among others. The consumer protection rights have been seen to grow over the years from the 19th century which people saw the need for this from the fraud seen in the mail to what we see to date. T his assists in the protection of both consumers and businesses in the operation of their works.9Through consumer protection people are able to use the law in reporting cases like illegal acts and works done against the law. They are therefore, said to protect the welfare of people in making fair deals and transparency to the services and businesses conducted. The consumer rights are also put to protect the environment and the welfare of people’s health. Some industries produce toxic products which leads to the retrogression of the health conditions of people like the Cigarettes and also the environment like the global warming effect (Li & Palumbo 23). Introduction There are several consumer protection acts in the American government and in this context we are going to use the Dodd-Frank Wall Street reform and consumer protecting in establishing his acts, the benefits of the consumer protection laws and be able to tell the rights the consumers are eligible to. 1 The Dodd-Frank Reform and Consumer Protection Act is mainly n the financial crisis in America which started in 2007.It is an act imputed on the financial services to the banks and non- banking holding companies which include insurance companies, security firms and also international banks among others within and globally (Stowell 25). The Dodd-Frank Act leads to the change in financial services regulation creating a new federal authority and also a new financial consumer regulatory body. This act was approved in 2010 and became effective from 22nd July (Braybrooke 19). This legislation was put in place of all the financial activities within the States and also non-US banking organization firms. The main features in the legislation included maintenance of financial stability by creating a council which is given the mandate to overlook on the activities in the financial system. It also gives the Federal Deposit insurance Corporation to be able to control the firms which are failing by protecting th e counterparties which leads to t

Godfather movie Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Godfather movie - Essay Example this film to be preserved in its national archives and it was noted by the American Film Institute as the second greatest film produced by Hollywood after Citizen Kane. The story of the film is quite complex but there are several themes which run throughout the film with regard to the action and the dialogue. The importance of family has been noted as a central theme even though the film does glorify crime and violence to achieve certain ends. However, considering that the film is essentially a crime drama, it is difficult to object to that being a part of the action since that defines the genre of the film itself. Of course, crime related films had been made before The Godfather came to the scene but instead of glorifying them and eventually showing their downfall to send the message that crime does not pay, this film humanizes criminals. Undoubtedly, the characters are all involved in shady dealings and are certainly not upright citizens but the manner in which they are shown to have a deep psychology and how they take interest in their own families and their wellbeing gives them a human touch. This allows the viewers to empathize with the family which appears to be struggling to keep up with changing times. The crime business moves from the hands of one generation to the other and even though there is change, some things and certain values remain the same for the family. In fact, the value of the film and appreciation for the artistic values held within has been noted by quite a few critics. Universally, the film has received positive reviews and is often at or near the top of lists made of the greatest films of all times. Not only have other critics paid their respects to The Godfather, other films, television shows and even cartoons have taken inspiration from The Godfather with parodies, satires and even remakes of the story. This homage to the film crosses cultural and international barriers as even Bollywood has made films that pay homage to The

Star Newspaper Business Study

Star Newspaper Business Study COMPANY BACKGROUND Companys history The Star was first published regionally in George Town, Penang on the 9th of September, 1971. The Star went to become a national newspaper on Jan 3, 1976, when it set up an office in Kuala Lumpur. To adapt a growing staff and a new press incorporating the latest technology, it moved its headquarters from Kuala Lumpur to its present premises in Petaling Jaya in 1981. The Star created histor y on June 23, 1995 when it became the first Malaysian newspaper and the third in Asia to launch a World Wide Web edition. In addition to that, The Star also achieved a new milestone in its corporate history in the same year by being listed on the Main Board of the Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange. In the year 2000, The Star relocated in stages to its very own 17 storey premises, Menara Star in Section 16, Petaling Jaya. In January 2002, The Stars new printing plant, Star Media Hub was officially opened by the Deputy Prime Minister of Malaysia, YAB Dato Seri Abdullah bin Haji Ahmad Badawi in Shah Alam, Selangor. The Star also has a new office and printing plant, Star Northern Hub in Bayan Lepas, Penang. About The Star and Sunday Star The Star weekday paper is packaged as a 4-in-1 paper, comprising the Main Paper, StarBiz and StarTwo. The Main Paper covers the latest in regional, national and as well as international news while StarBiz offers a comprehensive coverage of local and international financial news such as market trends, financial reports and latest market updates. StarTwo features articles on lifestyle, entertainment, health, parenting, social issues and et cetera. Every Sunday, there is an additional section known as Sunday Star. For the Sunday Star, it covers current local and as well as worldwide news. Apart from that, Sunday Star also contains an educational section where careers, further education, exams tips and various comments are featured within. Board of Directors The current Executive Deputy Chairman of Star Publications (Malaysia) Berhad is Dato Clement Hii Chii Kok whereas the Group Managing Director / Chief Executive Officer is Datin Linda Ngiam Pick Ngoh. There are two Executive Director in the company which is Tan Sri Datuk Seri Kamal Mohamed Hashim and Mr. Ng Beng Lye. And the Group Editorial / Education Advisor is Dato Ng Poh Tip. Groups Financial Highlights The revenue of the company as at 31 December 2008 is RM 831,040,000. Profit before tax is RM201, 463,000 whereas the profit after tax is RM138, 701,000 which show that the tax expense is RM 62,762,000. Political and Legal Environment There is one law in Malaysia that protects media freedom that is Article 10 of the Constitution. It also notes that there are limits to this freedom, and that these limits are, generally, defined by the Government. The constitution provides freedom for speech of the press. However, some important legal limitations exist. According to the government, it forced restrictions on the media to protect national security, public order, and friendly relations with other countries. The law that provides legislation in the interest of security or public order may restrict freedom of speech. Example, Sedition Act prohibits public comment on issues sensitive such as racial and religious matters. Government used Sedition Act, Official Secrets Act, Printing Presses and Publications Act, criminal defamation laws, and other laws to limit and threaten political speech. As for Printing Presses and Publications Act, it requires local and foreign publications to apply annually to the government for a permit. This is to make publication of wicked news a punishable offense and authorized the minister of internal security to ban or restrict publications believed to threaten public order, morality, or national security. Besides, it also prohibits court challenges to delay or revocation of publication permits. According to the government, these conditions make sure that the media did not spread twisted news and were necessary to preserve harmony and promote peaceful in a multiracial country. Criminal defamation is punishable by a maximum of two years in jail, a fine, or both. This is along with the government power over annual license renewal and other policies inhibited independent or investigative journalism and resulted in widespread self-censorship. Government had banned some foreign newspapers and magazines and, occasionally, covered up foreign magazines or newspapers. Furthermore, you could point to the guarantees under the Communications and Multimedia Act (CMA) if you want to impress the crowd which covers broadcasting and Internet. The guarantees under this act are no monopoly or oligopoly control of the airwaves and nothing in the Act is to be regarded as censorship of the Internet. No monopoly or oligopoly control of the airwaves is that no group of companies should own enough of the radio and television stations to prevent listeners and viewers from having a choice of material. So far is all good but they have not seen it put into practice as yet. As for censorship of the Internet, it is a bit more of a problem. Although there is not any censorship or control of the Internet under this Act, doesnt mean there isnt any censorship of the Internet. Internet access was widely available and internet subscriptions totalled approximately 13.5 million at the end of 2006. However, criminal offence and preventive detention laws generated some self censorship from local Internet content sources. Examples are bloggers, Internet news providers and NGO campaigners. The Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission (MCMC) shut down 11 Web sites for breaking rules and regulations concerning the publication of information on the Internet. Neither the MCMC nor the government released the names of the 11 Web sites. The CMA requires certain Internet and other network service providers to obtain a license. Previously, the government stated that it did not intend to enforce controls on Internet use but that it would punish the misuse of information technology. The CMA permits punishment of the owner of a Web site or blog for allowing content of a racial, religious, or political nature that a court deems offensive. Besides that, almost all the newspaper companies are under a political control. This is where the politician uses the publications to spread their news to the public. The biggest press group was Media Prima which is owned by Malaysia Resources Corporation Berhad which has close ties with the ruling United Malays National Organization (UMNO) and government. Media Prima owns the leading English-language newspaper The New Straits Times, the second biggest Malaysia-language paper Berita Harian, Malay Mail, Harian Metro and the ShinMin Daily News. In addition, Media Prima owns four terrestrial TV channels. However, the acquirement of Nanyang from MCA two years ago which is 2005 has since setup its monopoly in Chinese media. Sin Chew Media Group was being owned by the timber tycoon, Tiong Hiew King. He already corners about 90% of the Chinese language newspaper market, with his control of Sin Chew ,which publishes Sin Chew Daily and Guang Ming Daily, and Nanyang Holdings, which has Nanyang Siang Pau and China Press. As for The Star, it was owned by MCA while MIC owned Malaysia Nanban. Economic environment 2009 will bound to be a very challenging year for Malaysia, although Malaysias economy is holding up pretty well this year. The first half of 2009 is expected to be a very tough period for Malaysia. The impact on Malaysia this year has somehow been cushioned but many are beginning to feel the economic downturn towards the year-end. Since the beginning of the global economic crisis, much has been said and published about its economic and financial impact, but relatively little has been said about the socio-economic impact. While it is not difficult to observe the direct and often immediate unpleasant social impact of the crisis, little is known about their indirect and long-term effect on the countrys human development and social capital potential which are increasingly acknowledged in developing economies as a critical factor for sustainable development. Economic pressures are becoming the primary forces determining the behaviour of Malaysian newspaper companies. It is increasingly clear that the responses of some newspaper managers are affecting journalistic quality, producing practices that reduce the social value of newspaper content and that redirect the atten ­tion of newspaper workforce from journalism to activities primarily related to the business interests of the press. This situation has promoted encouraged self-interested behaviour aimed at exploiting market potential, and there is a growing conflict between the role of newspapers as servants of readers and the exploitation of readers to seek additional com ­mercial gain. It should not be surprising that the public increasingly sees the press as just another business that is more concerned with its own economic interests than with the broader interests of those it purports to serve. This entry gives GDP growth on an annual basis adjusted for inflation and expressed as a percent. The graph above shows the overall performance of Malaysian in economy. We can see the economy started to drop from the middle for second quarter of 2008 till 2009. (Source: CIA World Fact book, September 17, 2009) The print media is already feeling the pinch of the economic downturn. Newspaper adex has fallen for four consecutive months from October to January 2009. In January, newspaper adex declined 4% year on year to RM258.6 million while total adex for the media industry as a whole (TV, radio and print) inched up 2% year to year. This means that newspaper companies suffered a bigger blow than other media channels. As an open economy, Malaysia was badly affected by the global financial crisis and economic downturn. The major decline in exports, in turn, affected domestic demand. Thus, economic growth contracted 6.2% in the first quarter of 2009. However, the decline narrowed to 3.9% in the second quarter, assisted by speedy and effective operation of stimulus packages as well as monetary easing. Economic performance is expected to improve in the second half of the year, supported by counter-cyclical measures and reinforced by stabilization in the global economic environment. As such, the economy is expected to turn around in the fourth quarter, though for the year it is estimated to contract 3%. The current environment exists as the Malaysian newspaper industry faces an uncertain future because of inactive markets, increasing competition from other media for audience attention, use by progressively smaller portions of the population and changes in advertiser media choices. It is a common view that the newspaper business is elastic because people read the papers every day, regardless of the economic climate. People want to know the latest happenings in good times and bad. It is expected to see a slowing down in adex in this year, 2009, with the absence of any major events, together with the weakening economic climate. The lower economic growth forecast has an effect on the newspaper industry including advertising. Last years growth was driven by worldly TV adex (up 20%), newspaper (8%), radio (21%) and point-of- sale (28%). Malaysia Advertising Expenditure Trends Year 1997 to 2008 Circulation Generally, there is a total newspaper circulation rise since 1998. The actual figure in appendix for 2008 should have rose higher though if the data from Nanyang, Malay Mail and Weekend Mail are included. Newsprint has not dead yet and will co-exist with online media. The circulation growth has been steadily all these years which contributed by the increase of the population and the knowledge of society. There are a few online news portals which without print circulation have been gaining huge popularity since last year. This creating a strong competition in online space compared to the print circulation. In English newsprint, The Star is still far ahead of everyone. As for The Sun, it considers that it offers free controlled circulation. Competition in Malay circulation is only reserved for the big three which similar to the online scenario shown in figure 2 at appendix. Harian Metro is gaining popularity in recent years. This had posed a challenged to Utusan Malaysias top position. Another famous trend in the Malay segment is newspaper sales on weekends are generally much higher than working days. Societal About three million Malaysians visited local online news portals daily in March this year, compared with 2.5 million in the same month last year, according to comScore Media Metrix (digital marketing research company). While the figures quoted in May edition of OnMedia, OmicomMediaGroups industry newsletter, were based on average daily readership for the online news sites over the past year from March 2008 to February 2009. In total, the average daily readership for local news portals for that period was about 2.8 million. Malaysiakini led online English news sites with 91,943 average daily visitors over the past year. In second place was The Star Online with 74,417 readers a day. Malaysia-Today.net registered 12,948 readers daily, putting it in third place. The New Straits Times Online came in fourth with an average of 16,871 readers a day. However, in fifth place was theedgedaily.com, the website of The Edge Malaysia, which averaged 3,844 readers daily over the past year. However, according to Google Analytics which monitors online site traffic, since its relaunch in March this year as theedgemalaysia.com, the site has averaged around 14,000 readers daily. For the Malay-language online portals, Utusan Malaysia Online led with an average daily readership of 70,641 over the past year. It was followed by Berita Harian Online which averaged 55,764 readers a day for the past year. myMetro (the website of Harian Metro) averaged 51,767 readers daily, placing it third. ChinaPress dotCom was the most popular of the Chinese-language online news portals with an average of 29,950 readers a day. It was closely followed by nanyang.com which averaged 27,168 a day, and Sinchew-i which received an average of 23,779 readers a day. Key points that emerged from the study, if price were not a factor and if their choice was restricted to paper, online, e-paper and mobile devices. Sixty-nine percent (69%) of respondents would pick traditional newspapers as their first choice for news consumption. While, twenty-nine percent (29%) would make online sources their first choice, with the remaining twenty percent (2%) opting for e-paper or mobile devices first. The gap between traditional newspapers and online was, however, significantly smaller for younger respondents. Both consumers and advertisers have demonstrated a willingness to pay more for high value, topic-specific publications than they would for newspapers providing general news only, wrote authors Marieke van der Donk and Marcel Fenez in the reports executive summary. Financial readers were willing to buy financial online content for 97% as much as they would pay for a traditional paper. Meanwhile, sports fanatics would pay as much as 77% as they would for a traditional paper, for an online edition that focused on sports. The study showed newspapers are still the major sources of news and information for consumers, with survey respondents listing almost equally television, the Internet, and newspapers (free and paid) as their main source of news and information. Moreover, all 4,900 respondents were willing to pay for the general print news content. This is not to say that newspapers should not make the move online, said the report. Over 60% of respondents were willing to pay for general online news. Furthermore, based on the reports findings, a key future trend is the willingness of younger readers to pay for online content. According to the report, newspapers have been able to earn readers trust and loyalty, thus giving them the opportunity to both lead and follow audiences as they migrate online and into the use of portable electronic media like mobile devices. It also noted that although the rapid adoption of the Internet and mobile technology have created a market for mobile devices, especially for those under 35, they are low on the list of preferences for accessing information because of the difficulty of reading content on these devices. Malaysians are not giving up newspapers for the Internet. This research based on the data sourced from Nielsen Media Index from 2006 to 2008. It shows that newspaper consumption levels held steady all through 2008 despite the rise in Internet consumption. Malaysian newspaper consumption holds steady despite Internet. Its written by Emily Tan, Tuesday, 01 September 2009 at 11:24.While the average time a Malaysian spends online has increased by 24% from three hours a day in 2006 to three hours and 46 minutes a day in 2008, the average time spent reading a newspaper has held steady at 49 minutes in the same time span. There is no sign that Malaysians are shifting from newspapers to the Internet, said the report published in PHDs August newsletter — PHD Pioneering. PHD is a media service agency under the Omnicom Media Group. The PHD study found that Malaysians over the age of 30 spend more time reading newspapers and its about 50 minutes daily, while the teenagers and young adults read for about half an hour on average per day. A few online news portals that without print circulation have been gaining a huge popularity since last year, creating a stiff competition in online space compared to the print circulation. As for English newsprint, The Star is still well ahead of everyone, considering The Sun offers free controlled circulation. Newspaper readership in Peninsular Malaysia for the fourth quarter of last year (4Q08) grew about two percentage (2%) points to 55% from 52.9% in the same period in 2007, possibly in tandem with population growth of those aged 15 and above. Bahasa dailies seemed to have gained the most from the slight increase in newspaper readership, growing from 26.8% to 29.3% in the fourth quarter. English dailies saw marginal growth of 0.3 percentage point while Chinese and Tamil dailies saw a drop of 0.2 and 0.4 percentage point correspondingly. This is written by Aznita Ahmad Pharmy, Thursday, 05 March 2009, at 17:44. Technology On the other hand, the media industry is challenged by the rapidly changing environment, birth of new digital technologies and advertising money diverting to new media platforms on the internet. The local media industry has yet to capitalize on the full potential of the internet which will remain the fastest and the next powerful media platform, globally. Largely driving this change is technological development but the industry is also being affected by the impact of globalization of media ownership, the phenomenal growth of the internet, and other ambient media such as outdoor, point of sale, television, bus and taxi sites. The process of creating media strategies has become more complex and dynamic with the introduction of very highly developed software designed to optimize media selection against an unending range of criteria. There is a growing movement away from the use of simple age sex demographics for most media assumptions and an increasing appreciation of the need for a more holistic understanding of current and potential customers, including characteristics such as media usage, buyer behaviour, attitudes, lifestyles and interests. According to Nielsen Media Index, while mainstream media continues to control the Malaysian media scene, the internet is fast catching up. There was a double growth in internet penetration which reaching up to two out of ten people compared to five years ago. The executive director for Nielsen Media Research Malaysia, Andrea Douglas said that internet will become a more important part of the media mix with its continuous growth in the market. She added that Malaysians are decided to go on online news for faster and constant updates. This can be seen by the 35% growth in online newspaper readership over a year, reaching one million readers. Those who only read news online exclusive online newspaper readers, it grew from 55,000 to 70,000 in 2008. The index signified a 21% increase in internet users with almost four out of ten users spending one to two hours on the internet every day. Increasing internet penetration goes hand-in-hand with increased Internet usage. However, news seekers have not abandoned the traditional medium as nine in 10 readers still obtain their news through a hard copy. Apart from more common features such as email, surfing and information gathering, the popular activities for citizen are online TV/music/games (47%), followed by message/chat/blogging (45%) and reading newspaper/magazines (35%). Within the Top 10 categories, nine categories advertised online but the spending only between less than 1% and 3% of the total budget online. Newspaper industry players have to constantly evolve themselves to stay ahead by improving technology and addressing readers preferences. The second Finance Minister, Tan Sri Nor Mohamed Yakcop urged the industry to play actively its role by involving themselves in developing the digital medium instead of ignoring it. He said it in his keynote address at the Malaysian Newspaper Publishers Association forum. Nor Mohamed said that with the online global reach, publish news about the countrys development became faster and easier. He added that to promote Malaysia as a developing and stable nation to potential foreign investors, information reported must be accurate. This image would be able to attract more foreign investments and visitors in Malaysia. As for Group M chief executive officer, Henry Tan said that as technology drove change, consumers, media, media agencies and clients were changing as well. New generation was created by new technology while new media structure and ownership will strengthen competition. The role of media agencies has expanded to more than just planning and buying media spots. Agencies also have to recognize changes in clients and deal with each one differently. Dow Jones Asia-Pacific sales director, Mark Hollands said change was not uncommon in the print media which comprised it to be better and more efficient. Potential new revenue stream and the branding improvement from a strong online presence in the combination of global trend, these have seen that local traditional news organizations begin to put more resources on the online platform. Besides, they also hired people who recognize the benefits of Web 2.0 applications such as social networking site Facebook, and Twitter, the so-called SMS of the Internet. The growing popularity of online news sites where readers can read for free is one reason decision-makers at traditional news organizations find it very hard to raise cover prices for their printing product. A drop in circulation numbers directly impacts the advertising rate which a publication commands. According to the On Media newsletter, the circulation numbers from Nielsen Media Research signified online news portals have not affected print newspaper that much though online readership has increased rapidly over the past year. At present, online news sites still do not enjoy the level of loyalty and commitment shown by readers to newsprint. Online readership tends to change based on economic, political and social events, said the newsletter. Based on Nielsen Media Research and Com Score, the newsletter concluded that readers spend less time reading online news than print. About three million Malaysians visited local online news portals daily in March this year, compared with 2.5 million in the same month last year according to ComScore Media Metrix, a digital marketing research company. The average daily readership for local news portals for that period was about 2.8 million. Malaysiankini led online English news sites average daily visitors over the past year. As for The Star Online was placing second. Utusan Malaysia Online led Malay-language online followed by Berita Harian Online. As for the Chinese-language online news portals, ChinaPress dotcom was the most popular. There are more on societal changes. Managing director of Omnicom Media Group, Andreas Vogiatzakis said that newsprint have little to fear from online news portals. He said that newspapers must learn to pull on their online portals to add value and enhance their offerings to the consumer. The industry has seen a decline in newspaper adex over the past three years, from 58% in 2006 to 54% 2008 said the Nielsen Co Malaysia executive director Andrea Douglas. She said that the reasons for these changes are difficult to said but some categories have changed their spending patterns. There has been a decline in residential ad spending due to the economic downturn and this category is almost fully print advertising. The web has introduced new advertising potential and new media that could be eroding the traditional print share. According to Nielsen Media Research, newspaper in Malaysia has a mainly younger readership, with 65 per cent below 40 and 35 per cent of its readers are above 40 years. Percentage of newspaper readership between 20-29 age is the highest while the age between 50-54 is the lowest percentage of newspaper readership. According to Nielsen Media Research, newspaper in Malaysia has a mainly younger readership, with 62 per cent below 40 and 38 per cent of its readers are above 40 years. Percentage of newspaper readership between 20-29 age is the highest while the age between 50-54 is the lowest percentage of newspaper readership. The readership of age above 55 years old in 2006 increases 3.5% compared with the readership of age 55 years old in 2005. The old generation between the age of 55 and above are still enthusiastic supporters of newspapers while the younger generation appear to be much in tune with computers and the internet. The newspapers are not only challenged by online websites but also the electronic media having regular updates in the news bulletin. Many youngsters enjoyed reading serious news on the internet rather than from the newspapers. Hence, newspaper publisher should focus on public from the age of 55 and above. According to a statistic from Department of Statistics, Malaysia, the population of Malaysia is increasing. The population of age 15 and below is decreasing every year. The decreasing rate of year 2002 to 2004 is 0.3% whereas the decreasing rate of year 2005 to 2008 is 0.2%. The population of age 64 and above is increasing every year by 0.1 % except for the year 2005 and 2006 which remain same at 4.3%. The same pattern of readership frequency could also be observed among the respondents with different educational backgrounds. According to The Public Awareness of Science and Technology Malaysia 2000, the frequency of newspaper readership continued to be the highest among those with tertiary education where 60.0% of them read the newspaper daily. This was followed by those with secondary education (44.1%) with the lowest frequency (28.1%) among those with primary or lower education. In terms of locality, The Public Awareness of Science and Technology Malaysia 2000 also revealed that 49.3% of the urban respondents read the newspaper daily compared to those in rural areas (39.8%). On the frequency of readership, the opposite situation could also be observed in the other categories (a few times a week, once a week, or seldom). For example, about one-third (32.1%) of the rural respondents and similarly about 34.4% of the urban respondents read newspapers only a few times a week. Identify the rivalry currently exists in the industry in which the company is operating. Are there many competitor or just a few competitor or no competitor? There are many competitors around Star Publication. For instance, Berita Harian, Guang Ming Daily, Sin Chew Jit Poh, The Sun Daily, Utusan Malaysia, and also New Straits Times. The largest Star Publication newspaper competitor is the New straits Times. The sell recommendation of analysts on Star Publications (M) Bhd are the countrys largest and most profitable print media group and as well as other media stocks, such as Media Chinese International Ltd and The New Straits Times Press (M) Bhd, shows the current negativity on the industrys earnings prospects in the coming quarters, if not years. The Nielsen Media Report shows that Stars gross adex dived 20.6% y-o-y in January. Citi Investment Researchs analyst Alyson Shin has noticed that the page count for classified advertisements, which make up 25% of Stars advertising revenue, has fallen 33% to 40 pages from 60 pages in better times. Alyson Shin mention that Star has raised its advertising rates by an average 4% for both classified and display advertisements for the heavier days which is Wednesday to Saturdays. However, this is unlikely to be sufficient to offset the drop in adex in FY (Financial Year) 2009. Factoring in the 4% ad rate hike, we still forecast adex to contract 12% in FY2009, Alyson Shin comments in a February research report. Over the past two decades, Star has grown by shooting up and bounds in terms of earnings as well as manpower, after its English daily, The Star, overtook its main rival New Straits Times. The groups fixed operating costs have blown up. Its total operating costs that inclusive of printing and the newsprint have been above RM600 million in the past three years. This ascend to RM651.2 million in FY (financial year) 2008 versus revenue of RM831 million and net profit of RM138.9 million. The high fixed cost structure is a blessing for the group when advertisers are fighting for space in the newspaper because of the profit margin is getting bigger as the advertisement relative amount rises. Star has been the case this for over the past 10 years. It is the countrys most profitable newspaper with a handsome pre-tax profit margin of 24.2%, compared with its rival NST (New Strait Times) which manages only 9.5%. NSTP lost much of its thump over the past 25 years, especially on two separate occasions. During Operasi Lalang in October 1987, Star Publications (M) Bhds licence was revoked under a plan to crack down on the opposition leaders and social activists. After Star got back its licence, its readership and circulation surged. According to Nielsen Media Research, as at end-2008, NSTPs flagship newspaper New Straits Times had a readership of 308,000 while New Sunday Times readership stood at 263,000. As at end-June last year, New Straits Times circulation, according to the Audit Bureau of Circulation, stood at 136,530 while that of New Sunday Times was 156,910. These figures cannot rival that of its main competitor, Star Publications, which had a readership of more than one million for both its daily and Sunday paper. Stars circulation was over 300,000 daily. Are the products/ services offered by company very much different from its competitors in terms of price/feature/others. KUNTUM An educational monthly in Bahasa Malaysia for children ages 6 to 12. In keeping with its Learning is Fun motto, the Kuntum Club organises many fun activities and ho Star Newspaper Business Study Star Newspaper Business Study COMPANY BACKGROUND Companys history The Star was first published regionally in George Town, Penang on the 9th of September, 1971. The Star went to become a national newspaper on Jan 3, 1976, when it set up an office in Kuala Lumpur. To adapt a growing staff and a new press incorporating the latest technology, it moved its headquarters from Kuala Lumpur to its present premises in Petaling Jaya in 1981. The Star created histor y on June 23, 1995 when it became the first Malaysian newspaper and the third in Asia to launch a World Wide Web edition. In addition to that, The Star also achieved a new milestone in its corporate history in the same year by being listed on the Main Board of the Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange. In the year 2000, The Star relocated in stages to its very own 17 storey premises, Menara Star in Section 16, Petaling Jaya. In January 2002, The Stars new printing plant, Star Media Hub was officially opened by the Deputy Prime Minister of Malaysia, YAB Dato Seri Abdullah bin Haji Ahmad Badawi in Shah Alam, Selangor. The Star also has a new office and printing plant, Star Northern Hub in Bayan Lepas, Penang. About The Star and Sunday Star The Star weekday paper is packaged as a 4-in-1 paper, comprising the Main Paper, StarBiz and StarTwo. The Main Paper covers the latest in regional, national and as well as international news while StarBiz offers a comprehensive coverage of local and international financial news such as market trends, financial reports and latest market updates. StarTwo features articles on lifestyle, entertainment, health, parenting, social issues and et cetera. Every Sunday, there is an additional section known as Sunday Star. For the Sunday Star, it covers current local and as well as worldwide news. Apart from that, Sunday Star also contains an educational section where careers, further education, exams tips and various comments are featured within. Board of Directors The current Executive Deputy Chairman of Star Publications (Malaysia) Berhad is Dato Clement Hii Chii Kok whereas the Group Managing Director / Chief Executive Officer is Datin Linda Ngiam Pick Ngoh. There are two Executive Director in the company which is Tan Sri Datuk Seri Kamal Mohamed Hashim and Mr. Ng Beng Lye. And the Group Editorial / Education Advisor is Dato Ng Poh Tip. Groups Financial Highlights The revenue of the company as at 31 December 2008 is RM 831,040,000. Profit before tax is RM201, 463,000 whereas the profit after tax is RM138, 701,000 which show that the tax expense is RM 62,762,000. Political and Legal Environment There is one law in Malaysia that protects media freedom that is Article 10 of the Constitution. It also notes that there are limits to this freedom, and that these limits are, generally, defined by the Government. The constitution provides freedom for speech of the press. However, some important legal limitations exist. According to the government, it forced restrictions on the media to protect national security, public order, and friendly relations with other countries. The law that provides legislation in the interest of security or public order may restrict freedom of speech. Example, Sedition Act prohibits public comment on issues sensitive such as racial and religious matters. Government used Sedition Act, Official Secrets Act, Printing Presses and Publications Act, criminal defamation laws, and other laws to limit and threaten political speech. As for Printing Presses and Publications Act, it requires local and foreign publications to apply annually to the government for a permit. This is to make publication of wicked news a punishable offense and authorized the minister of internal security to ban or restrict publications believed to threaten public order, morality, or national security. Besides, it also prohibits court challenges to delay or revocation of publication permits. According to the government, these conditions make sure that the media did not spread twisted news and were necessary to preserve harmony and promote peaceful in a multiracial country. Criminal defamation is punishable by a maximum of two years in jail, a fine, or both. This is along with the government power over annual license renewal and other policies inhibited independent or investigative journalism and resulted in widespread self-censorship. Government had banned some foreign newspapers and magazines and, occasionally, covered up foreign magazines or newspapers. Furthermore, you could point to the guarantees under the Communications and Multimedia Act (CMA) if you want to impress the crowd which covers broadcasting and Internet. The guarantees under this act are no monopoly or oligopoly control of the airwaves and nothing in the Act is to be regarded as censorship of the Internet. No monopoly or oligopoly control of the airwaves is that no group of companies should own enough of the radio and television stations to prevent listeners and viewers from having a choice of material. So far is all good but they have not seen it put into practice as yet. As for censorship of the Internet, it is a bit more of a problem. Although there is not any censorship or control of the Internet under this Act, doesnt mean there isnt any censorship of the Internet. Internet access was widely available and internet subscriptions totalled approximately 13.5 million at the end of 2006. However, criminal offence and preventive detention laws generated some self censorship from local Internet content sources. Examples are bloggers, Internet news providers and NGO campaigners. The Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission (MCMC) shut down 11 Web sites for breaking rules and regulations concerning the publication of information on the Internet. Neither the MCMC nor the government released the names of the 11 Web sites. The CMA requires certain Internet and other network service providers to obtain a license. Previously, the government stated that it did not intend to enforce controls on Internet use but that it would punish the misuse of information technology. The CMA permits punishment of the owner of a Web site or blog for allowing content of a racial, religious, or political nature that a court deems offensive. Besides that, almost all the newspaper companies are under a political control. This is where the politician uses the publications to spread their news to the public. The biggest press group was Media Prima which is owned by Malaysia Resources Corporation Berhad which has close ties with the ruling United Malays National Organization (UMNO) and government. Media Prima owns the leading English-language newspaper The New Straits Times, the second biggest Malaysia-language paper Berita Harian, Malay Mail, Harian Metro and the ShinMin Daily News. In addition, Media Prima owns four terrestrial TV channels. However, the acquirement of Nanyang from MCA two years ago which is 2005 has since setup its monopoly in Chinese media. Sin Chew Media Group was being owned by the timber tycoon, Tiong Hiew King. He already corners about 90% of the Chinese language newspaper market, with his control of Sin Chew ,which publishes Sin Chew Daily and Guang Ming Daily, and Nanyang Holdings, which has Nanyang Siang Pau and China Press. As for The Star, it was owned by MCA while MIC owned Malaysia Nanban. Economic environment 2009 will bound to be a very challenging year for Malaysia, although Malaysias economy is holding up pretty well this year. The first half of 2009 is expected to be a very tough period for Malaysia. The impact on Malaysia this year has somehow been cushioned but many are beginning to feel the economic downturn towards the year-end. Since the beginning of the global economic crisis, much has been said and published about its economic and financial impact, but relatively little has been said about the socio-economic impact. While it is not difficult to observe the direct and often immediate unpleasant social impact of the crisis, little is known about their indirect and long-term effect on the countrys human development and social capital potential which are increasingly acknowledged in developing economies as a critical factor for sustainable development. Economic pressures are becoming the primary forces determining the behaviour of Malaysian newspaper companies. It is increasingly clear that the responses of some newspaper managers are affecting journalistic quality, producing practices that reduce the social value of newspaper content and that redirect the atten ­tion of newspaper workforce from journalism to activities primarily related to the business interests of the press. This situation has promoted encouraged self-interested behaviour aimed at exploiting market potential, and there is a growing conflict between the role of newspapers as servants of readers and the exploitation of readers to seek additional com ­mercial gain. It should not be surprising that the public increasingly sees the press as just another business that is more concerned with its own economic interests than with the broader interests of those it purports to serve. This entry gives GDP growth on an annual basis adjusted for inflation and expressed as a percent. The graph above shows the overall performance of Malaysian in economy. We can see the economy started to drop from the middle for second quarter of 2008 till 2009. (Source: CIA World Fact book, September 17, 2009) The print media is already feeling the pinch of the economic downturn. Newspaper adex has fallen for four consecutive months from October to January 2009. In January, newspaper adex declined 4% year on year to RM258.6 million while total adex for the media industry as a whole (TV, radio and print) inched up 2% year to year. This means that newspaper companies suffered a bigger blow than other media channels. As an open economy, Malaysia was badly affected by the global financial crisis and economic downturn. The major decline in exports, in turn, affected domestic demand. Thus, economic growth contracted 6.2% in the first quarter of 2009. However, the decline narrowed to 3.9% in the second quarter, assisted by speedy and effective operation of stimulus packages as well as monetary easing. Economic performance is expected to improve in the second half of the year, supported by counter-cyclical measures and reinforced by stabilization in the global economic environment. As such, the economy is expected to turn around in the fourth quarter, though for the year it is estimated to contract 3%. The current environment exists as the Malaysian newspaper industry faces an uncertain future because of inactive markets, increasing competition from other media for audience attention, use by progressively smaller portions of the population and changes in advertiser media choices. It is a common view that the newspaper business is elastic because people read the papers every day, regardless of the economic climate. People want to know the latest happenings in good times and bad. It is expected to see a slowing down in adex in this year, 2009, with the absence of any major events, together with the weakening economic climate. The lower economic growth forecast has an effect on the newspaper industry including advertising. Last years growth was driven by worldly TV adex (up 20%), newspaper (8%), radio (21%) and point-of- sale (28%). Malaysia Advertising Expenditure Trends Year 1997 to 2008 Circulation Generally, there is a total newspaper circulation rise since 1998. The actual figure in appendix for 2008 should have rose higher though if the data from Nanyang, Malay Mail and Weekend Mail are included. Newsprint has not dead yet and will co-exist with online media. The circulation growth has been steadily all these years which contributed by the increase of the population and the knowledge of society. There are a few online news portals which without print circulation have been gaining huge popularity since last year. This creating a strong competition in online space compared to the print circulation. In English newsprint, The Star is still far ahead of everyone. As for The Sun, it considers that it offers free controlled circulation. Competition in Malay circulation is only reserved for the big three which similar to the online scenario shown in figure 2 at appendix. Harian Metro is gaining popularity in recent years. This had posed a challenged to Utusan Malaysias top position. Another famous trend in the Malay segment is newspaper sales on weekends are generally much higher than working days. Societal About three million Malaysians visited local online news portals daily in March this year, compared with 2.5 million in the same month last year, according to comScore Media Metrix (digital marketing research company). While the figures quoted in May edition of OnMedia, OmicomMediaGroups industry newsletter, were based on average daily readership for the online news sites over the past year from March 2008 to February 2009. In total, the average daily readership for local news portals for that period was about 2.8 million. Malaysiakini led online English news sites with 91,943 average daily visitors over the past year. In second place was The Star Online with 74,417 readers a day. Malaysia-Today.net registered 12,948 readers daily, putting it in third place. The New Straits Times Online came in fourth with an average of 16,871 readers a day. However, in fifth place was theedgedaily.com, the website of The Edge Malaysia, which averaged 3,844 readers daily over the past year. However, according to Google Analytics which monitors online site traffic, since its relaunch in March this year as theedgemalaysia.com, the site has averaged around 14,000 readers daily. For the Malay-language online portals, Utusan Malaysia Online led with an average daily readership of 70,641 over the past year. It was followed by Berita Harian Online which averaged 55,764 readers a day for the past year. myMetro (the website of Harian Metro) averaged 51,767 readers daily, placing it third. ChinaPress dotCom was the most popular of the Chinese-language online news portals with an average of 29,950 readers a day. It was closely followed by nanyang.com which averaged 27,168 a day, and Sinchew-i which received an average of 23,779 readers a day. Key points that emerged from the study, if price were not a factor and if their choice was restricted to paper, online, e-paper and mobile devices. Sixty-nine percent (69%) of respondents would pick traditional newspapers as their first choice for news consumption. While, twenty-nine percent (29%) would make online sources their first choice, with the remaining twenty percent (2%) opting for e-paper or mobile devices first. The gap between traditional newspapers and online was, however, significantly smaller for younger respondents. Both consumers and advertisers have demonstrated a willingness to pay more for high value, topic-specific publications than they would for newspapers providing general news only, wrote authors Marieke van der Donk and Marcel Fenez in the reports executive summary. Financial readers were willing to buy financial online content for 97% as much as they would pay for a traditional paper. Meanwhile, sports fanatics would pay as much as 77% as they would for a traditional paper, for an online edition that focused on sports. The study showed newspapers are still the major sources of news and information for consumers, with survey respondents listing almost equally television, the Internet, and newspapers (free and paid) as their main source of news and information. Moreover, all 4,900 respondents were willing to pay for the general print news content. This is not to say that newspapers should not make the move online, said the report. Over 60% of respondents were willing to pay for general online news. Furthermore, based on the reports findings, a key future trend is the willingness of younger readers to pay for online content. According to the report, newspapers have been able to earn readers trust and loyalty, thus giving them the opportunity to both lead and follow audiences as they migrate online and into the use of portable electronic media like mobile devices. It also noted that although the rapid adoption of the Internet and mobile technology have created a market for mobile devices, especially for those under 35, they are low on the list of preferences for accessing information because of the difficulty of reading content on these devices. Malaysians are not giving up newspapers for the Internet. This research based on the data sourced from Nielsen Media Index from 2006 to 2008. It shows that newspaper consumption levels held steady all through 2008 despite the rise in Internet consumption. Malaysian newspaper consumption holds steady despite Internet. Its written by Emily Tan, Tuesday, 01 September 2009 at 11:24.While the average time a Malaysian spends online has increased by 24% from three hours a day in 2006 to three hours and 46 minutes a day in 2008, the average time spent reading a newspaper has held steady at 49 minutes in the same time span. There is no sign that Malaysians are shifting from newspapers to the Internet, said the report published in PHDs August newsletter — PHD Pioneering. PHD is a media service agency under the Omnicom Media Group. The PHD study found that Malaysians over the age of 30 spend more time reading newspapers and its about 50 minutes daily, while the teenagers and young adults read for about half an hour on average per day. A few online news portals that without print circulation have been gaining a huge popularity since last year, creating a stiff competition in online space compared to the print circulation. As for English newsprint, The Star is still well ahead of everyone, considering The Sun offers free controlled circulation. Newspaper readership in Peninsular Malaysia for the fourth quarter of last year (4Q08) grew about two percentage (2%) points to 55% from 52.9% in the same period in 2007, possibly in tandem with population growth of those aged 15 and above. Bahasa dailies seemed to have gained the most from the slight increase in newspaper readership, growing from 26.8% to 29.3% in the fourth quarter. English dailies saw marginal growth of 0.3 percentage point while Chinese and Tamil dailies saw a drop of 0.2 and 0.4 percentage point correspondingly. This is written by Aznita Ahmad Pharmy, Thursday, 05 March 2009, at 17:44. Technology On the other hand, the media industry is challenged by the rapidly changing environment, birth of new digital technologies and advertising money diverting to new media platforms on the internet. The local media industry has yet to capitalize on the full potential of the internet which will remain the fastest and the next powerful media platform, globally. Largely driving this change is technological development but the industry is also being affected by the impact of globalization of media ownership, the phenomenal growth of the internet, and other ambient media such as outdoor, point of sale, television, bus and taxi sites. The process of creating media strategies has become more complex and dynamic with the introduction of very highly developed software designed to optimize media selection against an unending range of criteria. There is a growing movement away from the use of simple age sex demographics for most media assumptions and an increasing appreciation of the need for a more holistic understanding of current and potential customers, including characteristics such as media usage, buyer behaviour, attitudes, lifestyles and interests. According to Nielsen Media Index, while mainstream media continues to control the Malaysian media scene, the internet is fast catching up. There was a double growth in internet penetration which reaching up to two out of ten people compared to five years ago. The executive director for Nielsen Media Research Malaysia, Andrea Douglas said that internet will become a more important part of the media mix with its continuous growth in the market. She added that Malaysians are decided to go on online news for faster and constant updates. This can be seen by the 35% growth in online newspaper readership over a year, reaching one million readers. Those who only read news online exclusive online newspaper readers, it grew from 55,000 to 70,000 in 2008. The index signified a 21% increase in internet users with almost four out of ten users spending one to two hours on the internet every day. Increasing internet penetration goes hand-in-hand with increased Internet usage. However, news seekers have not abandoned the traditional medium as nine in 10 readers still obtain their news through a hard copy. Apart from more common features such as email, surfing and information gathering, the popular activities for citizen are online TV/music/games (47%), followed by message/chat/blogging (45%) and reading newspaper/magazines (35%). Within the Top 10 categories, nine categories advertised online but the spending only between less than 1% and 3% of the total budget online. Newspaper industry players have to constantly evolve themselves to stay ahead by improving technology and addressing readers preferences. The second Finance Minister, Tan Sri Nor Mohamed Yakcop urged the industry to play actively its role by involving themselves in developing the digital medium instead of ignoring it. He said it in his keynote address at the Malaysian Newspaper Publishers Association forum. Nor Mohamed said that with the online global reach, publish news about the countrys development became faster and easier. He added that to promote Malaysia as a developing and stable nation to potential foreign investors, information reported must be accurate. This image would be able to attract more foreign investments and visitors in Malaysia. As for Group M chief executive officer, Henry Tan said that as technology drove change, consumers, media, media agencies and clients were changing as well. New generation was created by new technology while new media structure and ownership will strengthen competition. The role of media agencies has expanded to more than just planning and buying media spots. Agencies also have to recognize changes in clients and deal with each one differently. Dow Jones Asia-Pacific sales director, Mark Hollands said change was not uncommon in the print media which comprised it to be better and more efficient. Potential new revenue stream and the branding improvement from a strong online presence in the combination of global trend, these have seen that local traditional news organizations begin to put more resources on the online platform. Besides, they also hired people who recognize the benefits of Web 2.0 applications such as social networking site Facebook, and Twitter, the so-called SMS of the Internet. The growing popularity of online news sites where readers can read for free is one reason decision-makers at traditional news organizations find it very hard to raise cover prices for their printing product. A drop in circulation numbers directly impacts the advertising rate which a publication commands. According to the On Media newsletter, the circulation numbers from Nielsen Media Research signified online news portals have not affected print newspaper that much though online readership has increased rapidly over the past year. At present, online news sites still do not enjoy the level of loyalty and commitment shown by readers to newsprint. Online readership tends to change based on economic, political and social events, said the newsletter. Based on Nielsen Media Research and Com Score, the newsletter concluded that readers spend less time reading online news than print. About three million Malaysians visited local online news portals daily in March this year, compared with 2.5 million in the same month last year according to ComScore Media Metrix, a digital marketing research company. The average daily readership for local news portals for that period was about 2.8 million. Malaysiankini led online English news sites average daily visitors over the past year. As for The Star Online was placing second. Utusan Malaysia Online led Malay-language online followed by Berita Harian Online. As for the Chinese-language online news portals, ChinaPress dotcom was the most popular. There are more on societal changes. Managing director of Omnicom Media Group, Andreas Vogiatzakis said that newsprint have little to fear from online news portals. He said that newspapers must learn to pull on their online portals to add value and enhance their offerings to the consumer. The industry has seen a decline in newspaper adex over the past three years, from 58% in 2006 to 54% 2008 said the Nielsen Co Malaysia executive director Andrea Douglas. She said that the reasons for these changes are difficult to said but some categories have changed their spending patterns. There has been a decline in residential ad spending due to the economic downturn and this category is almost fully print advertising. The web has introduced new advertising potential and new media that could be eroding the traditional print share. According to Nielsen Media Research, newspaper in Malaysia has a mainly younger readership, with 65 per cent below 40 and 35 per cent of its readers are above 40 years. Percentage of newspaper readership between 20-29 age is the highest while the age between 50-54 is the lowest percentage of newspaper readership. According to Nielsen Media Research, newspaper in Malaysia has a mainly younger readership, with 62 per cent below 40 and 38 per cent of its readers are above 40 years. Percentage of newspaper readership between 20-29 age is the highest while the age between 50-54 is the lowest percentage of newspaper readership. The readership of age above 55 years old in 2006 increases 3.5% compared with the readership of age 55 years old in 2005. The old generation between the age of 55 and above are still enthusiastic supporters of newspapers while the younger generation appear to be much in tune with computers and the internet. The newspapers are not only challenged by online websites but also the electronic media having regular updates in the news bulletin. Many youngsters enjoyed reading serious news on the internet rather than from the newspapers. Hence, newspaper publisher should focus on public from the age of 55 and above. According to a statistic from Department of Statistics, Malaysia, the population of Malaysia is increasing. The population of age 15 and below is decreasing every year. The decreasing rate of year 2002 to 2004 is 0.3% whereas the decreasing rate of year 2005 to 2008 is 0.2%. The population of age 64 and above is increasing every year by 0.1 % except for the year 2005 and 2006 which remain same at 4.3%. The same pattern of readership frequency could also be observed among the respondents with different educational backgrounds. According to The Public Awareness of Science and Technology Malaysia 2000, the frequency of newspaper readership continued to be the highest among those with tertiary education where 60.0% of them read the newspaper daily. This was followed by those with secondary education (44.1%) with the lowest frequency (28.1%) among those with primary or lower education. In terms of locality, The Public Awareness of Science and Technology Malaysia 2000 also revealed that 49.3% of the urban respondents read the newspaper daily compared to those in rural areas (39.8%). On the frequency of readership, the opposite situation could also be observed in the other categories (a few times a week, once a week, or seldom). For example, about one-third (32.1%) of the rural respondents and similarly about 34.4% of the urban respondents read newspapers only a few times a week. Identify the rivalry currently exists in the industry in which the company is operating. Are there many competitor or just a few competitor or no competitor? There are many competitors around Star Publication. For instance, Berita Harian, Guang Ming Daily, Sin Chew Jit Poh, The Sun Daily, Utusan Malaysia, and also New Straits Times. The largest Star Publication newspaper competitor is the New straits Times. The sell recommendation of analysts on Star Publications (M) Bhd are the countrys largest and most profitable print media group and as well as other media stocks, such as Media Chinese International Ltd and The New Straits Times Press (M) Bhd, shows the current negativity on the industrys earnings prospects in the coming quarters, if not years. The Nielsen Media Report shows that Stars gross adex dived 20.6% y-o-y in January. Citi Investment Researchs analyst Alyson Shin has noticed that the page count for classified advertisements, which make up 25% of Stars advertising revenue, has fallen 33% to 40 pages from 60 pages in better times. Alyson Shin mention that Star has raised its advertising rates by an average 4% for both classified and display advertisements for the heavier days which is Wednesday to Saturdays. However, this is unlikely to be sufficient to offset the drop in adex in FY (Financial Year) 2009. Factoring in the 4% ad rate hike, we still forecast adex to contract 12% in FY2009, Alyson Shin comments in a February research report. Over the past two decades, Star has grown by shooting up and bounds in terms of earnings as well as manpower, after its English daily, The Star, overtook its main rival New Straits Times. The groups fixed operating costs have blown up. Its total operating costs that inclusive of printing and the newsprint have been above RM600 million in the past three years. This ascend to RM651.2 million in FY (financial year) 2008 versus revenue of RM831 million and net profit of RM138.9 million. The high fixed cost structure is a blessing for the group when advertisers are fighting for space in the newspaper because of the profit margin is getting bigger as the advertisement relative amount rises. Star has been the case this for over the past 10 years. It is the countrys most profitable newspaper with a handsome pre-tax profit margin of 24.2%, compared with its rival NST (New Strait Times) which manages only 9.5%. NSTP lost much of its thump over the past 25 years, especially on two separate occasions. During Operasi Lalang in October 1987, Star Publications (M) Bhds licence was revoked under a plan to crack down on the opposition leaders and social activists. After Star got back its licence, its readership and circulation surged. According to Nielsen Media Research, as at end-2008, NSTPs flagship newspaper New Straits Times had a readership of 308,000 while New Sunday Times readership stood at 263,000. As at end-June last year, New Straits Times circulation, according to the Audit Bureau of Circulation, stood at 136,530 while that of New Sunday Times was 156,910. These figures cannot rival that of its main competitor, Star Publications, which had a readership of more than one million for both its daily and Sunday paper. Stars circulation was over 300,000 daily. Are the products/ services offered by company very much different from its competitors in terms of price/feature/others. KUNTUM An educational monthly in Bahasa Malaysia for children ages 6 to 12. In keeping with its Learning is Fun motto, the Kuntum Club organises many fun activities and ho